| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Counter sink | 臺(tái)面水槽 |
To cut or shape a depression in an object so that the head of a screw may set flush or below the surface. 在物體上切割或塑造一個(gè)凹陷，使螺釘?shù)念^部可以齊平或低于表面。 |
| Turbulent flow (turbulence) | 湍流 |
Fluid motion characterized by disorderly, rotational (i.e. vortical) three-dimensional velocity fluctuations covering a wide range of frequency and length scales. The pressure, temperature, and other fluid properties also fluctuate and the diffusion of heat, mass, and momentum is greatly enhanced. As are laminar and transitional flow, turbulent flow of a Newtonian fluid is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations which can in principle be solved by direct numerical simulation (DNS) in which all time and length scales of the fluctuating motion are resolved. 流體運(yùn)動(dòng)的特點(diǎn)是無(wú)序、旋轉(zhuǎn)（即旋渦）三維速度波動(dòng)，覆蓋廣泛的頻率和長(zhǎng)度尺度。壓力、溫度和其他流體特性也會(huì)波動(dòng)，熱、質(zhì)量和動(dòng)量的擴(kuò)散會(huì)大大增強(qiáng)。與層流和過(guò)渡流一樣，牛頓流體的湍流由Navier-Stokes方程控制，該方程原則上可以通過(guò)直接數(shù)值模擬（DNS）求解，在直接數(shù)值模擬中，波動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的所有時(shí)間和長(zhǎng)度尺度都可以求解。 |
| Outside diameter (Unit m) | 外徑（單位：m） |
(external diameter, OD) The diameter of a circular cylindrical tube or a sphere measured between opposite points on the external surface. （外徑，OD）在外表面上的相對(duì)點(diǎn)之間測(cè)量的圓柱管或球體的直徑。 |
| Abelian group | 阿貝爾群 |
Property of a group of elements associated with a binary operation. In an Abelian group, the group elements commute under the binary operation. If a and b are any two group elements and if the (+) sign denotes the binary operation, then, for an Abelian group, 與二元運(yùn)算相關(guān)的一組元素的屬性。在阿貝爾群中，群元素在二元運(yùn)算下交換。如果a和b是任意兩個(gè)群元素并且（+）符號(hào)表示二元運(yùn)算 |
| Torsion bar | 扭桿 |
A metal bar designed to act as an elastic spring when torque is applied. 當(dāng)施加扭矩時(shí)用作彈性彈簧的金屬棒。 |
| Half nut | 半螺母 |
A mechanism attached to the apron of a lathe and operated by a lever. The lever opens and closes a nut that has been split lengthwise so that the two halves of the nut can be closed upon the lead screw when threads are being cut. Also called Split Nut. 固定在車床裙板上并由杠桿操作的機(jī)械裝置，杠桿打開(kāi)和關(guān)閉縱向分開(kāi)的螺母，以便在切割螺紋時(shí)，螺母的兩半可以在絲杠上閉合。也稱為剖分螺母。 |
| Stability | 穩(wěn)定性 |
1. A term relating to whether a body, structure, system, or flow is in a state of stable, unstable, or neutral equilibrium. 2. In numerical analysis, whether numerical errors, such as roundoff or input-data errors, are damped, propagate, or cause divergence of the solution as the numerical method proceeds. 3. A control system is often described as stable when a step change in input results in a steady output without continuing oscillation. 1.與物體、結(jié)構(gòu)、系統(tǒng)或流是否處于穩(wěn)定、不穩(wěn)定或中性平衡狀態(tài)有關(guān)的術(shù)語(yǔ)。2.在數(shù)值分析中，隨著數(shù)值方法的進(jìn)行，數(shù)值誤差（如舍入誤差或輸入數(shù)據(jù)誤差）是否衰減、傳播或?qū)е陆獍l(fā)散。3.當(dāng)輸入的階躍變化導(dǎo)致穩(wěn)定輸出而無(wú)持續(xù)振蕩時(shí)，控制系統(tǒng)通常被描述為穩(wěn)定的。 |
| Heat capacity (C) (Unit J/K) | 熱容量（C）（單位J/K） |
The energy required to raise the temperature of a body by 1K without change of phase. Heat capacity is an extensive thermodynamic property dependent on temperature and pressure. 在不發(fā)生相變的情況下將物體的溫度提高1K所需的能量。熱容量是一種廣泛的熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)，取決于溫度和壓力。 |
| Humidify | 加濕 |
To add water vapour to air or another gas to increase its humidity. 將水蒸氣添加到空氣或其他氣體中以增加其濕度。 |
| Heat tinting | 熱著色 |
Coloration of a metal surface through oxidation by heating to reveal details of the microstructure. 通過(guò)加熱氧化使金屬表面著色，以揭示微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的細(xì)節(jié)。 |
| Turn-of-nut | 轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)螺母 |
Sometimes used to describe the general rotation of the nut (or bolt head) as the fastener is tightened. More often used to define a particular tightening procedure in which a fastener is first tightened with a preselected torque, and is then tightened further by giving the nut an additional, measured, turn such as ‘‘three flats’’ (180°). 有時(shí)用于描述緊固件擰緊時(shí)螺母（或螺栓頭）的總體旋轉(zhuǎn)。更常用于定義一種特定的緊固程序，在該程序中，首先以預(yù)選扭矩?cái)Q緊緊固件，然后通過(guò)使螺母額外轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，如“三平面”（180°）進(jìn)一步擰緊。 |
| Ventilation | 通風(fēng)系統(tǒng) |
A system for circulating fresh air in a room, building, passenger vehicle, orother enclosed space. 在房間、建筑物、乘用車或其他封閉空間中循環(huán)新鮮空氣的系統(tǒng)。 |
| Forging cracks | 鍛造裂紋 |
This may occur during fastener manufacturing at the cutting or forging operations and are located on the top of the head or on the raised periphery of indented head bolts. 這可能發(fā)生在緊固件制造過(guò)程中的切削或鍛造操作中，并且位于頭部的頂部或帶鋸齒的頭部螺栓的凸起周邊上。 |
| SI system | SI國(guó)際單位制 |
SI is an abbreviation of Système International d’Unités, i.e., the international unit measurement system – an internationally established system of measurement units built on older metric systems. SI是Système International d‘Unités的縮寫，即國(guó)際單位計(jì)量系統(tǒng)——一種基于舊公制的國(guó)際公認(rèn)計(jì)量單位系統(tǒng)。 |
| Vapour | 蒸氣 |
The gas-like phase of a substance at a temperature below its critical point. A vapour can be condensed to a liquid or a solid by increasing its pressure or reducing its temperature. 溫度低于臨界點(diǎn)的物質(zhì)的類氣相。蒸汽可以通過(guò)增加壓力或降低溫度冷凝成液體或固體。 |
| Clevis | U形夾 |
A U-shaped hook with holes at the ends through which a retaining bolt or pin (clevis pin) passes. 一種U形鉤，末端有孔，固定螺栓或銷（U形銷）穿過(guò)這些孔。 |
| Thermoelectric junction | 熱電結(jié) |
A welded, soldered, or twisted connection between the ends of two wires of dissimilar metals, as in a thermocouple. 兩根不同金屬線的末端之間的焊接、錫焊或絞合連接，如熱電偶。 |
| Relaxation rate | 松弛率 |
The absolute value of the slope of a stress-relaxation curve at a given time. 給定時(shí)間應(yīng)力松弛曲線斜率的絕對(duì)值。 |
| Combustion efficiency | 燃燒效率 |
(source efficiency, ηCOMB) A performance measure for combustion equipment defined by ηCOMB?= amount of heat released during combustion/(calorific value of the fuel burned). （源效率，ηCOMB）燃燒設(shè)備的性能度量，定義為ηCOMB=燃燒過(guò)程中釋放的熱量/（燃燒燃料的熱值）。 |
| Coil spring | 螺旋彈簧 |
A spiral (‘clockwork’) or helical (cylindrical) spring. A spring steel wire wound in a spiral pattern. 螺旋（“發(fā)條”）或螺旋（圓柱形）彈簧。以螺旋狀纏繞的彈簧鋼絲。 |
| Stress relieving | 應(yīng)力消除 |
Heating to a suitable temperature, holding long enough to reduce residual stresses, and then cooling slowly enough to minimize the development of new residual stresses. 加熱到合適的溫度，保持足夠長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間以減少殘余應(yīng)力，然后緩慢冷卻以盡量減少新殘余應(yīng)力的產(chǎn)生。 |
| Gravity | 重力 |
The attractive force by which bodies are drawn towards the centre of Earth or other celestial object. Its intensity is measured by the acceleration produced. The gravitational force of attraction at the surface of a planet or other celestial body. The Earth’s gravity produces an acceleration of around 9.8m/s2 for any unsupported body. 物體被拉向地球中心或其他天體的吸引力，行星或其他天體表面的引力。它的強(qiáng)度是通過(guò)產(chǎn)生的加速度來(lái)衡量的，對(duì)于任何無(wú)支撐的物體，地球的重力都會(huì)產(chǎn)生大約9.8m/s2的加速度。 |
| Creep–time relations | 蠕變時(shí)間關(guān)系 |
Algebraic or numerical relations between creep strain and time at constant stress. 恒定應(yīng)力下蠕變應(yīng)變與時(shí)間之間的代數(shù)或數(shù)值關(guān)系。 |
| Torsion-bar suspension | 扭桿懸架 |
A type of motor-vehicle suspension in which one end of a torsion bar is rigidly fixed to the chassis while the other carries a lever to which are attached the components that carry a wheel. In a torsion-beam suspension, a beam connects the wheels on either side of the vehicle. 一種汽車懸架，其中扭力桿的一端剛性固定在底盤上，而另一端帶有一個(gè)杠桿，杠桿上連接著承載車輪的部件。在扭轉(zhuǎn)梁懸架中，梁連接車輛兩側(cè)的車輪。 |
| Resistance factor | 阻力系數(shù) |
Probabilistic factor representing the uncertainties in the designer’s estimate of the strength of a shear joint. Used in Load and resistance factor design. 概率系數(shù)，表示設(shè)計(jì)人員對(duì)剪切接頭強(qiáng)度估計(jì)的不確定性。用于載荷和阻力系數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)。 |
| Die | 模具 |
1. A tool having an appropriately-shaped hole through which material may be extruded or drawn. 2. A tool employed in forging. 3. A block having the male or female shape employed in stamping operations. 4. A thick circular disc, driven by a die wrench, with internally-threaded cutting edges for producing a screw thread. A die wrench (die stock) holds a screw-cutting die and has two projecting arms for applying the torque necessary to cut the thread. A die having a hexagonal or square shape (die nut), driven by a spanner, is used in confined spaces where a die wrench cannot be rotated through a full circle. 1.一種具有適當(dāng)形狀的孔的工具，通過(guò)該孔可以擠壓或拉伸材料。2.一種用于鍛造的工具。3.一種用于沖壓操作的具有陽(yáng)或陰形狀的塊體。4.一種由模具扳手驅(qū)動(dòng)的厚圓盤，具有用于產(chǎn)生螺紋的內(nèi)螺紋切削刃。沖模扳手（沖模）裝有一個(gè)螺旋切割模，并有兩個(gè)突出臂，用于施加切割螺紋所需的扭矩。由扳手驅(qū)動(dòng)的六邊形或方形模具（模具螺母）用于模具扳手無(wú)法旋轉(zhuǎn)一整圈的受限空間。 |
| Plastic deformation | 塑性變形 |
The permanent (inelastic) distortion of a material under applied stress that strains the material beyond its elastic limit. 材料在施加應(yīng)力下的永久（非彈性）變形，使材料應(yīng)變超過(guò)其彈性極限。 |
| Uniform elongation | 均勻伸長(zhǎng) |
The elongation at maximum load and immediately preceding the onset of necking in a tension test. 在拉伸試驗(yàn)中，在最大載荷下和頸縮開(kāi)始之前的伸長(zhǎng)率。 |
| Two-stage compressor | 兩級(jí)壓縮機(jī) |
A machine in which gas is compressed from low pressure toan intermediate pressure in a low-pressure cylinder, and then to final pressure in a highpressure cylinder. Efficiency is improved if the two cylinders are separated by an intercooler. 一種機(jī)器，其中氣體在低壓氣缸中從低壓壓縮到中壓，然后在高壓氣缸中壓縮到最終壓力。如果兩個(gè)氣缸由中冷器分離，則效率提高。 |
| Reverse pitch (Unit °) | 反向螺距（單位°） |
The pitch of a variable-pitch propeller that produces negative thrust. 產(chǎn)生負(fù)推力的變槳距螺旋槳的槳距。 |
| Ultimate strength | 極限應(yīng)力 |
The maximum tensile strength a bolt or material can support prior to rupture. Always found in the plastic region of the stress–strain or force–elongation curve, and so is not a design strength. Also called Tensile strength and ultimate tensile strength. The maximum stress (tensile, compressive, or shear) a material can sustain without fracture, determined by dividing maximum load by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. Also known as nominal strength or maximum strength. 螺栓或材料在斷裂前可支撐的最大抗拉強(qiáng)度。總是出現(xiàn)在應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變或力-伸長(zhǎng)率曲線的塑性區(qū)域，因此不是設(shè)計(jì)強(qiáng)度。也稱為抗拉強(qiáng)度和極限抗拉強(qiáng)度。材料在不斷裂的情況下能夠承受的最大應(yīng)力（拉伸、壓縮或剪切），通過(guò)將最大載荷除以試樣的原始橫截面積來(lái)確定。也稱為標(biāo)稱強(qiáng)度或最大強(qiáng)度。 |
| Chafing fatigue | 磨損疲勞 |
Fatigue damage initiated in a surface damaged by rubbing against another body. 因與另一個(gè)物體摩擦而損壞的表面引起的疲勞損壞。 |
| Mechanical efficiency (η) | 機(jī)械效率（η） |
1. In general for a machine, the ratio of output work to input work. 2. For a compressor, the ratio of indicated power to shaft power; for a reciprocating engine or an expander, the ratio of shaft power to indicated power. 1.一般而言，機(jī)器的輸出功與輸入功之比。2.對(duì)于壓縮機(jī)，指示功率與軸功率之比；對(duì)于往復(fù)式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)或膨脹機(jī)，軸功率與指示功率之比。 |
| Absorption | 吸收 |
The process whereby a fluid permeates a porous solid, or a gas is dissolved by a liquid. 流體滲透多孔固體或氣體被液體溶解的過(guò)程。 |
| Surface hardness | 表面硬度 |
(superficial hardness) Indentation hardness on, and for some distance below, the surface of a component, as opposed to its bulk hardness. Depending on the resolution required, micro- or nano-hardness testing machines are employed. （表面硬度）與整體硬度相反，部件表面及其下方一定距離的壓痕硬度。根據(jù)所需的分辨率，可使用微型或納米硬度測(cè)試機(jī)。 |
| Shear strength (Unit Pa) | 抗剪強(qiáng)度（單位Pa） |
The maximum shear stress that can be withstood by a material either (a) before plasticity occurs or (b) before rupture. 材料在（a）塑性發(fā)生之前或（b）斷裂之前能夠承受的最大剪切應(yīng)力。 |
| Densimeter | 密度計(jì) |
An instrument used to determine the density or relative density of a solid or liquid. 用于測(cè)定固體或液體的密度或相對(duì)密度的儀器。 |
| Heat treatment | 熱處理 |
(heat treating) Alteration of the mechanical properties of materials, particularly metals, by different sequences of heating, holding at temperature, and cooling at different rates. Heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in such a way as to obtain desired conditions or properties. Heating for the sole purpose of hot working is excluded from the meaning of this definition. （熱處理）材料，特別是金屬的機(jī)械性能的改變，通過(guò)不同的加熱順序、溫度保持和不同速率的冷卻。加熱和冷卻固體金屬或合金，以獲得所需的條件或性能。僅用于熱加工的加熱不屬于本定義的含義。 |
| Coherent precipitate | 相干沉淀 |
A crystalline precipitate that forms from solid solution with an orientation that maintains continuity between the crystal lattice of the precipitate and the lattice of the matrix, usually accompanied by some strain in both lattices. Because the lattices fit at the interface between precipitate and matrix, there is no discernible phase boundary. 由固溶體形成的結(jié)晶沉淀物，其取向保持沉淀物晶格和基體晶格之間的連續(xù)性，通常伴隨著兩個(gè)晶格中的一些應(yīng)變。由于晶格適合于沉淀和基體之間的界面，因此不存在可識(shí)別的相邊界。 |
| Band clutch | 帶式離合器 |
A friction clutch in which drive is achieved by a band contracting on to the rim of the clutch. 一種摩擦離合器，其驅(qū)動(dòng)是通過(guò)一條帶在離合器邊緣上收縮來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。 |
| Spring materials | 彈簧材料 |
Mainly metals including plain-carbon and corrosion-resisting steels, phosphor bronze, spring brass, beryllium copper and nickel alloys, all of which in their workhardened states permit large reversible elastic strains without permanent deformation. 主要是金屬，包括普通碳鋼和耐腐蝕鋼、磷青銅、彈簧黃銅、鈹銅和鎳合金，所有這些金屬在其加工硬化狀態(tài)下都允許大的可逆彈性應(yīng)變而不會(huì)產(chǎn)生永久變形。 |
| Pitch (Unit m) | 間距（單位：m） |
1. In a cascade of identical turbine or compressor blades, the distance between successive blades measured parallel to the leading edges. 2. For a screw thread, the distance between adjacent thread forms measured parallel to the thread axis. 3. For an aircraft, the vertical relationship between the nose and the horizon. The pitch axis is an axis in the plane of the wings of an aircraft, perpendicular to the centreline, about which the aircraft rotates. Pitch motion is the corresponding up or down movement of the aircraft nose. Pitch attitude is the angle between the centreline of an aircraft and the horizontal. The angle is positive when the nose is above its position when the centreline is horizontal. 1.在相同渦輪或壓縮機(jī)葉片的葉柵中，平行于前緣測(cè)量的連續(xù)葉片之間的距離。2.對(duì)于螺紋，平行于螺紋軸線測(cè)量的相鄰螺紋形狀之間的距離。3.對(duì)于飛機(jī)，機(jī)頭和水平線之間的垂直關(guān)系。俯仰軸是飛機(jī)機(jī)翼平面內(nèi)垂直于中心線的軸，飛機(jī)繞中心線旋轉(zhuǎn)。俯仰運(yùn)動(dòng)是飛機(jī)機(jī)頭的相應(yīng)向上或向下運(yùn)動(dòng)。俯仰姿態(tài)是飛機(jī)中心線與水平線之間的角度。當(dāng)中心線水平時(shí)，當(dāng)機(jī)頭高于其位置時(shí)，角度為正。 |
| Dead centre | 止點(diǎn) |
The point at which, in a crank mechanism, the piston connecting rod and crank are all in line so that there can be no driving moment. 在曲柄機(jī)構(gòu)中，活塞連桿和曲柄都在一條線上，因此不會(huì)有驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩。 |
| Liquid carburizing | 液體滲碳 |
Surface hardening of steel by immersion into a molten bath consisting of cyanides and other salts. 通過(guò)浸入由氰化物和其他鹽組成的熔池中對(duì)鋼進(jìn)行表面硬化。 |
| Critical crack length (Unit m) | 臨界裂紋長(zhǎng)度（單位米） |
The crack length at which a given stress applied to a body will result in crack propagation and fracture. 施加到物體上的給定應(yīng)力將導(dǎo)致裂紋擴(kuò)展和斷裂的裂紋長(zhǎng)度。 |
| Shear joint | 剪切接頭 |
A joint which is subjected primarily to loads acting more or less perpendicular to the axes of the bolts. 主要承受或多或少垂直于螺栓軸線的載荷的接頭。 |
| Bioenergy | 生物能源 |
1. Energy derived from materials such as purpose-grown energy crops, including sugar cane, maize, wheat, and rice, as well as wood, straw, and animal waste, including sewage, manure, and animal litter. 2. A term sometimes used to cover biomass and biofuels together. 1.來(lái)自特定種植的能源作物（包括甘蔗、玉米、小麥和大米）以及木材、稻草和動(dòng)物糞便（包括污水、糞便和動(dòng)物垃圾）等材料的能源。2.有時(shí)用于同時(shí)涵蓋生物質(zhì)和生物燃料的術(shù)語(yǔ)。 |
| Spring constant | 彈簧常數(shù) |
The ratio between the forces exerted on a spring (or a bolt) and the deflection thereof. Has the dimensions of force per unit change in length (e.g., lb=in.). Also called Stiffness. 施加在彈簧（或螺栓）上的力與其撓度之間的比率。具有每單位長(zhǎng)度變化的力的尺寸（例如lb=in.）。也稱為剛度。 |
| Elastic interactions | 彈性相互作用 |
When a bolt is tightened it partially compresses the joint members ‘‘in its own neighborhood.’’ When nearby bolts are tightened later, they further compress the joint in this region. This allows the first bolt to relax a little (lose a little preload). Tightening bolts on the opposite side of the joint, however, might increase preload in some of the earlier bolts tightened on the near side. These shifts and changes in the elastic energy stored in individual bolts, during assembly, are called elastic interactions. 當(dāng)螺栓擰緊時(shí)，它會(huì)“在其自身附近”部分壓縮接頭構(gòu)件稍后擰緊附近的螺栓時(shí)，進(jìn)一步壓縮該區(qū)域的接頭。這允許第一個(gè)螺栓稍微松弛（失去一點(diǎn)預(yù)載）。但擰緊接頭另一側(cè)的螺栓可能會(huì)增加早期在近側(cè)擰緊的一些螺栓的預(yù)載。在裝配過(guò)程中，儲(chǔ)存在單個(gè)螺栓中的彈性能量的這些位移和變化稱為彈性相互作用。 |
| Swept volume (Unit m3) | 掃描體（單位m3) |
In the cylinder of a piston engine or other device, the volume between top and bottom dead centre positions of a piston; equal to πR2S where R is the piston radius and S is the stroke. 在活塞發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)或其他裝置的氣缸中，活塞上止點(diǎn)和下止點(diǎn)位置之間的體積；等于πR2S，其中R是活塞半徑，S是沖程。 |
| Eutectoid | 共析 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectoid point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectoid reaction. （1）一種等溫可逆反應(yīng)，其中固溶體在冷卻時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為兩種或兩種以上緊密混合的固體，形成的固體數(shù)量與系統(tǒng)中組分的數(shù)量相同。（2）具有平衡圖上共析點(diǎn)所示成分的合金。（3）由共析反應(yīng)形成的混合固體成分的合金結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Torque reaction (Unit N.m) | 扭矩反作用力（單位：N.m） |
The torque needed to counteract an applied torque. For example, in a helicopter with a single main rotor, the tendency of the fuselage to rotate in the opposite direction to the rotor. 抵消施加扭矩所需的扭矩。例如，在具有單個(gè)主旋翼的直升機(jī)中，機(jī)身沿與旋翼相反的方向旋轉(zhuǎn)的趨勢(shì)。 |
| Bar | 巴（氣壓?jiǎn)挝唬?/td> |
A widely used (non-SI) unit of pressure approximately equal to normal atmospheric pressure at sea level. The conversion to SI is 1 bar = 105?Pa. Unit of pressure – the pressure created by a column of?€mercury 75.006 cm high at 0oC, or about 33.45 feet of water at 4oC. It is equal to 105 pascal. Standard atmospheric pressure (at sea level) is 1.01325 bar, or 1013.25 mb. 一種廣泛使用的（非SI）壓力單位，大約等于海平面上的正常大氣壓。轉(zhuǎn)換為SI為1bar=105Pa。壓力單位——0oC時(shí)75.006厘米高的水銀柱或4oC時(shí)約33.45英尺水柱產(chǎn)生的壓力。它等于105帕斯卡。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓（海平面）為1.01325bar或1013.25mb。 |
| Centigrade heat unit | 攝氏熱量單位 |
(Celsius heat unit, CHU) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit equal to the energy required to increase the temperature of one pound of pure, air-free water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C at a pressure of one standard atmosphere. （攝氏熱量單位，CHU）一個(gè)已被淘汰的（即非國(guó)際單位制）單位，等于在一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓的壓力下將一磅純凈的無(wú)空氣水的溫度從14.5°C提高到15.5°C所需的能量. |
| Thread form | 螺紋形式 |
The cross-sectional shape of the threads, defining thread angle, root, and crest profiles, etc. Thread length Length of that portion of the fastener which contains threads cut or rolled to full depth. 螺紋的橫截面形狀，定義螺紋角度、齒根和齒冠輪廓等。螺紋長(zhǎng)度：緊固件中包含全深度切割或軋制螺紋的部分的長(zhǎng)度。 |
| Bearing stress | 承受應(yīng)力 |
The force per unit of bearing area. 每單位承載面積的力。 |
| Clearance angle | 后角 |
(relief angle) (Unit °) The angle between the underneath or flank of a cutting tool and the machined surface. （后角）（單位°）切削刀具的底部或側(cè)面與加工表面之間的角度。 |
| Brine quenching | 鹽水淬火 |
A quench in which brine (salt water-chlorides, carbonates, and cyanides) is the quenching medium. The salt addition improves the efficiency of water at the vapor phase or hot stage of the quenching process. 一種淬火，其中鹽水（鹽水-氯化物、碳酸鹽和氰化物）是淬火介質(zhì)。添加鹽提高了水在淬火過(guò)程的氣相或熱階段的效率。 |
| Austempered steels | 等溫鋼 |
Medium to high carbon steels with improved mechanical properties as a result of austempering. After heating to between 800° and 900°C to form the austenite phase, they are quenched to, and held at, just above the martensite transformation range (between 260° and 370°C) to form bainite, before cooling further. Austempering of ductile cast irons results in a microstructure of bainite and spheroidal graphite. Austempered ductile irons have excellent toughness and wear properties. 由于等溫淬火，機(jī)械性能得到改善的中高碳鋼。在加熱到800°和900°C之間形成奧氏體相后，將它們淬火并保持在略高于馬氏體轉(zhuǎn)變范圍（260°和370°C之間）以形成貝氏體，然后進(jìn)一步冷卻。球墨鑄鐵的等溫淬火導(dǎo)致貝氏體和球狀石墨的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)。等溫淬火球墨鑄鐵具有優(yōu)異的韌性和耐磨性。 |
| Electrolyte | 電解質(zhì) |
The liquid with which the Electrodes of a battery or Corrosion cell are wetted. 潤(rùn)濕電池或腐蝕電池電極的液體。 |
| Cap nut | 蓋型螺母 |
A nut with a blind threaded hole, for example a dome nut to cover the end of a bolt. 帶有盲螺紋孔的螺母，例如用于覆蓋螺栓末端的圓頂螺母。 |
| Atomization | 霧化 |
The production of a spray of fine droplets from a liquid, such as diesel oil or petrol, by injection through a nozzle (an atomizer). 通過(guò)噴嘴（霧化器）噴射從液體（例如柴油或汽油）中產(chǎn)生細(xì)小液滴噴霧。 |
| Engine emissions | 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)排放 |
(exhaust emissions) The pollutants contained in the exhaust gases from an internal-combustion engine. （廢氣排放）內(nèi)燃機(jī)廢氣中所含的污染物。 |
| Compressibility (Unit 1/Pa) | 可壓縮性（單位1/Pa） |
A measure of the reduction in volume or increase in density when a substance is subjected to an increase of pressure. It is defined as the reciprocal of the bulk modulus. Liquids and solids are normally considered incompressible, whereas gases are highly compressible. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)受到壓力增加時(shí)體積減少或密度增加的量度。它被定義為體積模量的倒數(shù)。液體和固體通常被認(rèn)為是不可壓縮的，而氣體是高度可壓縮的。 |
| Cavitation damage | 氣蝕損壞 |
Erosion of a solid surface through the formation and collapse of cavities or bubbles in an adjacent liquid that contains vapor and/or gas. 通過(guò)在包含蒸汽和/或氣體的相鄰液體中形成空穴或氣泡并破壞固體表面。 |
| Precision | 精確 |
The closeness of agreement between the results of individual replicated measurements or tests. The standard deviation of the error of measurement may be used as a measure of “imprecision.” 單個(gè)重復(fù)測(cè)量或測(cè)試結(jié)果之間的一致性。測(cè)量誤差的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差可用作“不精確性”的度量 |
| Blade compressor | 葉片式壓縮機(jī) |
An oil-free, double-acting rotary compressor in which an angled blade attached to the inner surface of a rotating housing passes through a slot in a disk rotating about an axis perpendicular to that of the housing but offset from it. Air enters through apertures in the housing and leaves through a port in the housing. 一種無(wú)油雙作用旋轉(zhuǎn)式壓縮機(jī)，其中連接到旋轉(zhuǎn)外殼內(nèi)表面的傾斜葉片穿過(guò)圓盤上的槽，該槽繞垂直于外殼的軸旋轉(zhuǎn)，但偏離外殼?？諝馔ㄟ^(guò)殼體中的孔進(jìn)入，并通過(guò)殼體的端口離開(kāi)。 |
| Stress relaxation | 應(yīng)力松弛 |
The slow decrease in stress level within a part (e.g., a bolt) which is heavily loaded under constant deflection conditions. A ‘‘cousin’’ to creep, which is a slow change in geometry under constant stress conditions. The time-dependent decrease in stress in a solid under constant strain at constant temperature due to creep. The stress-relaxation behavior of a metal is usually shown in a stress-relaxation curve. 在恒定撓曲條件下，零件（如螺栓）內(nèi)的應(yīng)力水平緩慢降低，該零件承受重荷載。蠕變的“表親”，是在恒定應(yīng)力條件下幾何結(jié)構(gòu)的緩慢變化。在恒定溫度下，由于蠕變，固體在恒定應(yīng)變下的應(yīng)力隨時(shí)間變化的減小。金屬的應(yīng)力松弛行為通常顯示在應(yīng)力松弛曲線中。 |
| Concentration ratio | 濃度比 |
For a concentrating solar collector, the ratio of the projected area of the concentrator facing the solar beam to the actual area of the receiver. 對(duì)于聚光太陽(yáng)能集熱器，集中器面向太陽(yáng)光束的投影面積與接收器的實(shí)際面積之比。 |
| Meyer hardness (Unit Pa) | 邁耶硬度（單位Pa） |
A material hardness similar to the Brinell hardness but based upon the projected area of the impression rather than the surface area. 與布氏硬度相似的材料硬度，但基于印模的投影面積而不是表面面積。 |
| Biomechanics | 生物力學(xué) |
The application of mechanical-engineering principles, including thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and solid mechanics together with materials engineering, to biological systems. 機(jī)械工程原理（包括熱力學(xué)、流體力學(xué)和固體力學(xué)以及材料工程）在生物系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用。 |
| Die casting | 壓鑄 |
A process in which molten metal, particularly alloys of aluminium, magnesium, copper, and zinc, is forced under pressure (10 to 200 MPa) into a reusable hardened-steel mould machined into a die. 在壓力（10至200MPa）下將熔融金屬（特別是鋁、鎂、銅和鋅的合金）強(qiáng)制進(jìn)入加工成模具的可重復(fù)使用的硬化鋼模具中的過(guò)程。 |
| International Bureau of Weights and Measures | 國(guó)際度量衡局IBWM |
(BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) The intergovernmental organization which has the mandate to provide the basis for a single, coherent system of measurements, traceable to the International System of Units. （BIPM，國(guó)際計(jì)量局）政府間組織，其任務(wù)是為可追溯到國(guó)際單位制的單一、一致的計(jì)量系統(tǒng)提供基礎(chǔ)。 |
| Brake lining | 制動(dòng)襯片 |
The replaceable friction material that covers a brake shoe in an internally expanding brake. 在內(nèi)膨脹制動(dòng)器中覆蓋制動(dòng)的可更換摩擦材料。 |
| Secondary hardening | 二次硬化 |
The process whereby some low-alloy steels, quenched to produce martensite, produce fine precipitates when tempered above 550°C, which inhibit dislocation motion and reverse the trend towards lower strength at higher tempering temperatures. 某些低合金鋼經(jīng)淬火產(chǎn)生馬氏體，在550°C以上回火時(shí)產(chǎn)生細(xì)小沉淀的過(guò)程，這抑制了位錯(cuò)運(yùn)動(dòng)，扭轉(zhuǎn)了在較高回火溫度下強(qiáng)度降低的趨勢(shì)。 |
| Turning angle (θ) | 轉(zhuǎn)向角（θ） |
The change in direction experienced by a gas flow passing through an oblique shock wave or Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan. 氣流通過(guò)斜激波或Prandtl–Meyer膨脹風(fēng)機(jī)時(shí)所經(jīng)歷的方向變化。 |
| Hoseclip | 軟管夾 |
(hose clamp) A circular metal band, one end of which has a screw mechanism through which passes the other end such that the screw engages with indentations in the band, allowing the clip to be tightened or loosened. Used to hold a hose on to a pipe such as a water outlet. （軟管夾）一種圓形金屬帶，其一端有一個(gè)螺釘組織，另一端穿過(guò)該螺釘組織，使螺釘與帶子上的凹口嚙合，從而可以擰緊或松開(kāi)夾子。用于將軟管固定在管道上，例如出水口。 |
| Blueing | 發(fā)藍(lán) |
Application of blue dye (‘engineers’ blue’) to identify high spots on surfaces in contact, or for marking out. 應(yīng)用藍(lán)色染料（“工程師藍(lán)”）來(lái)識(shí)別接觸表面上的高點(diǎn)，或用于標(biāo)記。 |
| Salt-velocity meter | 鹽速計(jì) |
A volume flow meter based on detecting the transit time for a small quantity of salt or radioactive isotope in a flow by measuring electrical conductivity or radiation level. 一種體積流量計(jì)，通過(guò)測(cè)量電導(dǎo)率或輻射水平來(lái)檢測(cè)流量中少量鹽或放射性同位素的渡越時(shí)間。 |
| Thread run-out | 螺紋耗盡 |
That portion of the threads which are not cut or rolled full depth, but which provide the transition between full-depth threads and the body or head. Officially called thread washout or vanish, although the term run-out is more popular. (Run-out is officially reserved for rotational eccentricity, as defined by total indicator readings or the like.) 未全深度切割或軋制的螺紋部分，但提供全深度螺紋與主體或頭部之間的過(guò)渡。官方稱之為螺紋沖蝕或消失，但術(shù)語(yǔ)“耗盡”更為流行。（跳動(dòng)是官方為旋轉(zhuǎn)偏心度保留的，由總指示器讀數(shù)等定義。） |
| Manometer | 壓力計(jì) |
An instrument used in the measurement of a pressure difference in a fluid (manometry). 用于測(cè)量流體壓力差（測(cè)壓）的儀器。 |
| Testing machine | 試驗(yàn)機(jī) |
A machine used to apply either a steady or oscillatory or impact load to a testpiece. The load may be tensile, compressive, shear, bending, or torsional. 用于向試件施加穩(wěn)定或振蕩或沖擊載荷的機(jī)器。載荷可以是拉伸的、壓縮的、剪切的、彎曲的或扭轉(zhuǎn)的。 |
| Tightness parameter | 密封參數(shù) |
A dimensionless parameter which defines the mass leakage of a gasket as a functionof contained pressure and a contained fluid constant. 一種無(wú)量綱參數(shù)，將墊圈的質(zhì)量泄漏定義為所含壓力和所含流體常數(shù)的函數(shù)。 |
| Dimensioning | 尺寸標(biāo)注 |
The specification on an engineering drawing of the size (e.g. length, radius, angle, or spacing) and the relative location (e.g. angular position) of each feature of a component. The numerical values often include the tolerances. There should be no more dimensions than are necessary to manufacture the component. 工程圖紙上對(duì)部件每個(gè)特征的尺寸（例如長(zhǎng)度、半徑、角度或間距）和相對(duì)位置（例如角位置）的規(guī)范。數(shù)值通常包括公差。尺寸不應(yīng)超過(guò)制造組件所需的尺寸。 |
| Transmissibility | 傳遞率 |
The ratio of the transmitted force to the disturbing force for a system subjected to a vibratory disturbance. The ratio may also be defined in terms of displacements, velocities, or accelerations. 受到振動(dòng)干擾的系統(tǒng)的傳遞力與干擾力之比。該比率也可以用位移、速度或加速度來(lái)定義。 |
| Cementation | 膠結(jié) |
The introduction of one or more elements into the outer portion of a metal object by means of diffusion at high temperature. 在高溫下通過(guò)擴(kuò)散將一種或多種元素引入金屬物體的外部。 |
| Standard fit | 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)匹配 |
The fit of a component machined or otherwise manufactured to standardized clearances and tolerances. 根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)間隙和公差加工或以其他方式制造的部件的配合。 |
| Kilo (k) | 千（k） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 103; thus kilometre (km) is a unit of length equal to one thousand metres. 表示乘法器103的SI單位前綴；1千米是長(zhǎng)度單位，等于1000米。 |
| Stress cracking | 應(yīng)力開(kāi)裂 |
A family of failure modes, each of which involves high stress and chemical action. The family includes Hydrogen embrittlement, Stress corrosion cracking, stress embrittlement, and hydrogen-assisted stress corrosion. 一系列失效模式，每種模式都涉及高應(yīng)力和化學(xué)作用。該系列包括氫脆、應(yīng)力腐蝕開(kāi)裂、應(yīng)力脆化和氫輔助應(yīng)力腐蝕。 |
| Radial flow | 徑向流 |
radial flow Fluid flow for which the principal direction of flow is either radially inward or radially outward relative to an axial direction. 徑向流動(dòng)流體流動(dòng)的主要方向是徑向向內(nèi)或徑向向外流動(dòng)。 |
| Guided bend | 導(dǎo)向彎曲 |
The bend obtained by use of a plunger to force the specimen into a die in order to produce the desired contour of the outside and inside surfaces of the specimen. 通過(guò)使用柱塞將試樣壓入模具中獲得的彎曲，以產(chǎn)生試樣外表面和內(nèi)表面所需的輪廓。 |
| Water quenching | 水淬 |
A quench in which water is the quenching medium. The major disadvantage of water quenching is its poor efficiency at the beginning or hot stage of the quenching process. 以水為淬火介質(zhì)的淬火。水淬的主要缺點(diǎn)是在淬火過(guò)程的開(kāi)始或熱階段效率低。 |
| Computer numerical control (CNC) | 計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控（CNC） |
A term relating to machine tools in which the movements of a tool and/or the workpiece are controlled by computer. 與機(jī)床相關(guān)的術(shù)語(yǔ)，其中工具和/或工件的運(yùn)動(dòng)由計(jì)算機(jī)控制。 |
| Thermal efficiency | 熱效率 |
The ratio, for a heat engine or thermodynamic cycle, of the net work output to the net heat input into the system. 對(duì)于熱機(jī)或熱力循環(huán)，凈功輸出與系統(tǒng)凈熱輸入的比率。 |
| Free ferrite | 游離鐵氧體 |
Ferrite that is formed directly from the decomposition of hypoeutectoid austenite during cooling, without the simultaneous formation of cementite. Also proeutectoid ferrite. 在冷卻過(guò)程中亞共析奧氏體分解直接形成的鐵素體，沒(méi)有同時(shí)形成滲碳體。也是先共析鐵氧體。 |
| Hardness | 硬度 |
A measure of the resistance of a material to surface indentation or abrasion; may be thought of as a function of the stress required to produce some specified type of surface deformation. There is no absolute scale for hardness; therefore, to express hardness quantitatively, each type of test has its own scale of arbitrarily defined hardness. Indentation hardness can be measured by Brinell hardness test, Rockwell hardness test, Vickers hardness test, Knoop hardness test, and the Scleroscope hardness test. The ability of a ductile material to resist permanent deformation. It is a measure of plastic flow properties determined principally by indentation testing, but scratch hardness and rebound hardness are also employed. hardness scales The different measures of hardness given by different tests, such as indentation pressure in the Brinell and in the Vickers hardness tests, and the different Rockwell hardness numbers. 測(cè)量材料對(duì)表面壓痕或磨損的阻力；可以認(rèn)為是產(chǎn)生某些特定類型的表面變形所需的應(yīng)力的函數(shù)。硬度沒(méi)有絕對(duì)刻度，因此為了定量表示硬度，每種類型的試驗(yàn)都有自己的任意定義硬度等級(jí)。壓痕硬度可通過(guò)布氏硬度試驗(yàn)、洛氏硬度試驗(yàn)，維氏硬度試驗(yàn)和努氏硬度試驗(yàn)以及硬化鏡硬度試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行測(cè)量。延展性材料具有抵抗永久變形的能力，它是主要通過(guò)壓痕測(cè)試確定的塑性流動(dòng)性能的量度，也使用劃痕硬度和回彈硬度。硬度標(biāo)度不同試驗(yàn)給出的不同硬度測(cè)量值，如布氏硬度試驗(yàn)和維氏硬度試驗(yàn)中的壓痕壓力，以及不同的洛氏硬度值。 |
| Failure of the bolt | 螺栓失效 |
Term implying that the bolt has broken or the threads have stripped. There can be many reasons for this. 表示螺栓斷裂或螺紋脫落的術(shù)語(yǔ)。原因可能有很多種。 |
| Hardness profile | 硬度分布 |
Hardness as a function of distance from a fixed reference point (usually from the surface). 硬度作為距固定參考點(diǎn)（通常距表面）的距離的函數(shù)。 |
| Blow moulding | 吹塑 |
The manufacture of hollow polymer objects (e.g. bottles) by expanding, with internal air pressure, a tube sealed at one end (parison) against the walls of a cavity mould. 通過(guò)使用內(nèi)部氣壓使一端密封的管子（型坯）靠在型腔模具的壁上膨脹來(lái)制造中空聚合物物體（例如瓶子）。 |
| Full hard | 全硬化 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state beyond which the material can no longer be formed by bending. In specifications, a full hard temper is commonly defined in terms of minimum hardness or minimum tensile strength (or, alternatively, a range of hardness or strength) corresponding to a specific percentage of cold reduction following a full anneal. For aluminum, a full hard temper is equivalent to a reduction of 75% from dead soft ; for austenitic stainless steels, a reduction of about 50 to 55%. 有色金屬合金和一些鐵合金的回火狀態(tài)，大致對(duì)應(yīng)于冷加工狀態(tài)，超過(guò)該狀態(tài)，材料就不能再通過(guò)彎曲形成。在規(guī)范中，完全硬質(zhì)回火通常定義為與完全退火后的特定冷壓下率百分比相對(duì)應(yīng)的最小硬度或最小抗拉強(qiáng)度（或者，硬度或強(qiáng)度范圍）。對(duì)于鋁來(lái)說(shuō)，完全硬回火相當(dāng)于從極軟狀態(tài)減少75%；對(duì)于奧氏體不銹鋼，減少約50%至55%。 |
| Transfer ratio | 傳輸比 |
(transfer constant) A complex variable representing the ratio between the output of a transducer and the input causing that output. （傳遞常數(shù)）一個(gè)復(fù)變量，表示傳感器輸出與產(chǎn)生該輸出的輸入之間的比率。 |
| Corrosion | 腐蝕 |
The deterioration of an exposed metal surface due to electrochemical oxidation with its surroundings. In the oxidation reaction, metal atoms give up electrons which are transferred to form another chemical species by a reduction reaction, usually with hydrogen and/or oxygen. A common example is the formation of the iron oxide rust Fe(OH)3 on iron or steel in moist air or water. Rust breaks away easily, exposing fresh iron to the atmosphere, whereas the corrosion product of some metals forms an adherent layer that prevents further oxidation reaction at fresh metal, an effect known as passivation. Examples include aluminium oxide on aluminium, chromium oxide on chromium, chromium oxide on alloys containing chromium such as stainless steels, and the patina formed on copper and zinc. Corrosion protection takes many forms. Good design to avoid crevices and stress is important. In some situations, substances known as inhibitors may be added to the environment to decrease its corrosiveness. The electrochemical nature of corrosion results in some metals having a greater tendency for oxidation than others. Zinc has a stronger tendency than iron and this is made use of in galvanizing. This is one example of cathodic protection, in which one metal is connected electrically to a more reactive metal, called a sacrificial anode, that oxidizes by giving up electrons and so protects the first metal. Coatings may be used to resist corrosion. Paints, plating, and diffusion coatings are the most common and the electrochemical process of anodizing is used to deliberately form a passive layer of oxide on aluminium alloys. Material selection plays a major role. For example, stainless steels with their high chromium content are widely used in corrosive environments. 暴露的金屬表面由于與周圍環(huán)境的電化學(xué)氧化而劣化。在氧化反應(yīng)中，金屬原子放棄電子，這些電子通過(guò)還原反應(yīng)（通常與氫和/或氧）轉(zhuǎn)移形成另一種化學(xué)物質(zhì)。一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的例子是在潮濕的空氣或水中在鐵或鋼上形成氧化鐵銹Fe(OH)3。鐵銹很容易脫落，將新鮮鐵暴露在大氣中，而一些金屬的腐蝕產(chǎn)物形成一層粘附層，防止新鮮金屬發(fā)生進(jìn)一步的氧化反應(yīng)，這種效果稱為鈍化。實(shí)例包括鋁上的氧化鋁、鉻上的氧化鉻、含鉻合金上的氧化鉻如不銹鋼，以及銅和鋅上形成的銅綠。腐蝕防護(hù)有多種形式。避免裂縫和應(yīng)力的良好設(shè)計(jì)非常重要。在某些情況下，可以向環(huán)境中添加稱為抑制劑的物質(zhì)，以降低其腐蝕性。腐蝕的電化學(xué)性質(zhì)導(dǎo)致一些金屬比其他金屬具有更大的氧化傾向。鋅比鐵具有更強(qiáng)的傾向性，這可用于鍍鋅。這是陰極保護(hù)的一個(gè)例子，其中一種金屬與活性更強(qiáng)的金屬（稱為犧牲陽(yáng)極）電連接，犧牲陽(yáng)極通過(guò)釋放電子進(jìn)行氧化，從而保護(hù)第一種金屬。涂層可用于抗腐蝕。油漆、電鍍和擴(kuò)散涂層是最常見(jiàn)的，陽(yáng)極氧化的電化學(xué)過(guò)程用于有意在鋁合金上形成一層鈍化氧化物。材料選擇起著重要作用。例如，鉻含量高的不銹鋼廣泛用于腐蝕性環(huán)境。 |
| Assembly drawing | 裝配圖紙 |
An engineering drawing that shows how parts are assembled to produce a component or a complete machine. It may include sections to show internal features, dimensions that are critical for assembly, manufacturing information, and part numbers. 顯示零件如何組裝以生產(chǎn)組件或整機(jī)的工程圖。它可能包括顯示內(nèi)部特征、對(duì)裝配至關(guān)重要的尺寸、制造信息和零件編號(hào)的部分。 |
| Translational joint | 平移鉸 |
A robot joint where the controlled variable is straight line movement. 控制變量為直線運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)器人關(guān)節(jié)。 |
| Tap wrench | 螺絲攻扳手 |
A lever with an adjustable square hole at its centre into which is fitted the shank of a tap so that torque can be applied to cut a thread. 一種杠桿，其中心有一個(gè)可調(diào)節(jié)的方孔，絲錐柄安裝在該孔中，以便施加扭矩以切斷螺紋。 |
| Dew point | 壓力露點(diǎn) |
The temperature and pressure at which a gas begins to condense to a liquid. 氣體開(kāi)始凝結(jié)成液體的溫度和壓力。 |
| Essential conditions | 必要條件 |
Each type of failure to which bolted joints are subject is set up by three or four conditions. The conditions vary, depending on the mode of failure, but never number more than four. Eliminating any one of the essential conditions for a particular type of failure can prevent that type of failure. 螺栓連接所遭受的每種類型的故障都由三個(gè)或四個(gè)條件確定。根據(jù)故障模式的不同，情況會(huì)有所不同，但數(shù)量不得超過(guò)四個(gè)。消除特定類型故障的任何一個(gè)基本條件都可以防止該類型故障。 |
| Elastic recovery | 彈性恢復(fù) |
Amount the dimension of a stressed elastic material returns to its original (unstressed) dimension on release of an applied load. In hardness testing, the shortening of the original dimensions of the indentation upon release of the applied load. 在釋放施加的載荷時(shí)，受應(yīng)力彈性材料的尺寸恢復(fù)到其原始（無(wú)應(yīng)力）尺寸的量。在硬度測(cè)試中，當(dāng)釋放所施加的載荷時(shí)，壓痕的原始尺寸縮短。 |
| Coupling | 耦合 |
A detachable mechanism forming a joint. A connector of two components of a joint. 1. Any mechanical fastening connecting two or more shafts, or parts of a mechanism, in order to transmit power. 2. A device for connecting two vehicles. 一種形成關(guān)節(jié)的可拆卸機(jī)構(gòu)。關(guān)節(jié)的兩個(gè)組件的連接器。1.連接兩個(gè)或多個(gè)軸或機(jī)構(gòu)部件的任何機(jī)械緊固件，以傳遞動(dòng)力。2.連接兩輛車的裝置。 |
| Breaks | 斷裂 |
Creases or ridges usually in “untempered” or in aged material where the yield point has been exceeded. Depending on the origin of the break, it may be termed a cross break, a coil break, an edge break, or a sticker break. 通常在“未回火”或超過(guò)屈服點(diǎn)的老化材料中出現(xiàn)折痕或隆起。根據(jù)斷裂的起源，它可能被稱為交叉斷裂、線圈斷裂、邊緣斷裂或貼紙斷裂。 |
| Superheating | 過(guò)熱 |
Heating above the temperature at which an equilibrium phase transformation should occur without actually obtaining the transformation. 在不實(shí)際獲得相變的情況下，加熱到應(yīng)發(fā)生平衡相變的溫度以上。 |
| Condenser vacuum | 冷凝器真空 |
The sub-atmospheric pressure imposed on the condenser of a steam-power plant which leads to an appreciable increase in overall efficiency. 施加在蒸汽發(fā)電廠冷凝器上的低于大氣壓的壓力導(dǎo)致整體效率顯著提高。 |
| Case hardening | 表面硬化 |
A generic term covering several processes applicable to steel that change the chemical composition of the surface layer by absorption of carbon, nitrogen, or a mixture of the two and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. The processes commonly used are carburizing and quench hardening; cyaniding; nitriding; and carbonitriding. The use of the applicable specific process name is preferred. 一個(gè)通用術(shù)語(yǔ)，涵蓋適用于鋼的幾種工藝，這些工藝通過(guò)吸收碳、氮或二者的混合物改變表層的化學(xué)成分，并通過(guò)擴(kuò)散形成濃度梯度。常用的工藝有滲碳和淬火硬化，氰化，氮化以及碳氮共滲。優(yōu)選使用適用的特定工藝名稱。 |
| Spherical washer | 球面墊圈 |
A washer whose upper surface is semispherical. Used with a nut whose contact face is also semispherical. Reduces bending stress in a bolt or stud, by allowing some self-alignment and some compensation for nonparallel joint surfaces or Angularity. 上表面為半球形的墊圈。與接觸面也是半球形的螺母一起使用。減少螺栓或螺柱中的彎曲應(yīng)力，允許一些自對(duì)準(zhǔn)，并對(duì)不平行的接頭表面或角度進(jìn)行一些補(bǔ)償。 |
| Half hard | 半硬化回火 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength about mid-way between that of dead soft and full hard tempers. 非鐵合金和某些鐵合金的一種回火，其特點(diǎn)是抗拉強(qiáng)度介于完全軟回火和完全硬回火之間。 |
| Maximum stress-intensity factor (Kmax) | 最大應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度因子（Kmax） |
The maximum value of the stress-intensity factorin a fatigue cycle. 疲勞循環(huán)中應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度因子的最大值。 |
| Fatigue striations | 疲勞條紋 |
Parallel lines frequently observed in electron microscope fractographs or fatigue-fracture surfaces. The lines are transverse to the direction of local crack propagation; the distance between successive lines represents the advance of the crack front during the one cycle of stress variation. 在電子顯微鏡斷口圖或疲勞斷口表面中經(jīng)常觀察到平行線。這些線橫向于局部裂紋擴(kuò)展方向；連續(xù)線之間的距離表示在一個(gè)應(yīng)力變化周期內(nèi)裂紋前沿的前進(jìn)。 |
| Fog quenching | 霧淬 |
Quenching in a fine vapor or mist. 在細(xì)蒸汽或薄霧中淬火。 |
| Offset modulus | 補(bǔ)償模量 |
The ratio of the offset yield stress to the extension at the offset point (plastics). 偏移屈服應(yīng)力與偏移點(diǎn)（塑料）處延伸的比率。 |
| Reverse engineering | 逆向工程 |
The disassembly of a machine, mechanism, system or device, measurement of its component parts, and identification of the materials used so that if required, a functioning replica can be produced. 拆卸機(jī)器、機(jī)構(gòu)、系統(tǒng)或裝置，測(cè)量其組成部分，并識(shí)別所用材料，以便在需要時(shí)可以生產(chǎn)出功能正常的復(fù)制品。 |
| Torque (T) (Unit N.m) | 扭矩（T）（單位：N.m） |
The twisting moment, product of force and wrench length, applied to a nut or bolt (for example). The twisting moment of a force or couple about an axis which results in torsion. 施加在螺母或螺栓（例如）上的扭矩，是力和扳手長(zhǎng)度的乘積。力或力偶繞軸產(chǎn)生扭轉(zhuǎn)的力矩。 |
| Nominal diameter | 公稱直徑 |
The ‘‘catalog diameter’’ of a fastener. Usually roughly equal to the diameter of the body, or the outer diameter of the threads. 緊固件的“目錄直徑”。通常大致等于主體的直徑或螺紋的外徑。 |
| Normal temperature and pressure (NTP) | 常溫常壓（NTP） |
Reference conditions defined by NIST as 20°C and 1 atm. NIST定義的參考條件為20°C和1atm。 |
| Proof stress | 彈性極限應(yīng)力 |
(1) The stress that will cause a specified small permanent set in a material. (2) A specified stress to be applied to a member or structure to indicate its ability to withstand service loads. （1）在材料中引起規(guī)定的小永久變形的應(yīng)力。（2）施加在構(gòu)件或結(jié)構(gòu)上的規(guī)定應(yīng)力，以表明其承受工作荷載的能力。 |
| Critical load (Unit N) | 臨界負(fù)荷（單位N） |
1. The applied load that causes propagation of an existing crack of known length, and hence fracture of a component or structure. 2. The applied load that results in buckling of a column of given end fixity. 1.導(dǎo)致已知長(zhǎng)度的現(xiàn)有裂紋擴(kuò)展并因此導(dǎo)致部件或結(jié)構(gòu)斷裂的施加荷載。2.導(dǎo)致具有給定端部固定性的柱屈曲的施加荷載。 |
| Fretting fatigue | 微動(dòng)疲勞 |
Fatigue fracture that initiate at a surface area where fretting has occurred. The progressive damage to a solid surface that arises from fretting. 在發(fā)生微動(dòng)的表面區(qū)域開(kāi)始的疲勞斷裂。由微動(dòng)引起的對(duì)固體表面的漸進(jìn)性損壞。 |
| Hardening | 硬化 |
Increasing hardness by suitable treatment, usually involving heating and cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: age hardening, flame hardening, induction hardening, laser hardening, precipitation hardening, and quench hardening. 通過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)奶幚碓黾佑捕?，通常包括加熱和冷卻。適用時(shí)，應(yīng)使用以下更具體的術(shù)語(yǔ)：時(shí)效硬化、火焰硬化、感應(yīng)硬化、激光硬化、沉淀硬化和淬火硬化。 |
| Transverse strain | 橫向應(yīng)變 |
Linear strain in a plane perpendicular to the loading axis of a specimen. 垂直于試樣加載軸的平面內(nèi)的線性應(yīng)變。 |
| Thermodynamic pressure (Unit Pa) | 熱力學(xué)壓力（單位Pa） |
The pressure within a fluid given by an equation of state such as p(ρ,T) where ρ is the fluid density and T is the absolute temperature of the fluid. 流體中的壓力由狀態(tài)方程給出，如p（ρ，T），其中ρ是流體密度，T是流體的絕對(duì)溫度。 |
| Transmission | 傳輸 |
The system that transmits power and torque from a power source; for example a shaft, belts and pulleys, or a gear train. In the case of a motor vehicle, it includes the gearbox, clutch, propeller shaft, differential and final drive shafts. 從動(dòng)力源傳輸功率和扭矩的系統(tǒng)；例如軸、皮帶和滑輪或齒輪系。對(duì)于機(jī)動(dòng)車輛，包括變速箱、離合器、傳動(dòng)軸、差速器和終傳動(dòng)軸。 |
| Rubber hardness | 橡膠硬度 |
The indentation hardness of rubber-like materials in which the depth of indentation under load is measured. This is a measure of elastic moduli rather than yield stress as with ductile materials, since there is little, if any, permanent impression remaining on unloading rubbery materials. 測(cè)量負(fù)載下壓痕深度的橡膠類材料的壓痕硬度。這是對(duì)彈性模量的測(cè)量，而不是對(duì)韌性材料的屈服應(yīng)力，因?yàn)樾遁d橡膠材料時(shí)幾乎沒(méi)有（如果有的話）永久壓痕。 |
| Scoring | 劃痕 |
In tribology, a severe form of wear characterized by the formation of extensive grooves and scratches in the direction of sliding. 在摩擦學(xué)中，一種嚴(yán)重的磨損形式，其特征是在滑動(dòng)方向上形成大面積的凹槽和劃痕。 |
| Turbine blades (turbine buckets) | 渦輪葉片 |
1. The aerofoil-shaped vanes that form the rotor and stator of a gas, steam or hydraulic turbine. 2. The cup-shaped vanes of a Pelton wheel. 1.形成燃?xì)?、蒸汽或水力渦輪機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)子和定子的翼型葉片。2.沖擊輪的杯形葉片。 |
| Principal stress (normal) | 主應(yīng)力（正常） |
The maximum or minimum value of the normal stressat a point in a plane considered with respect to all possible orientations of the considered plane. On such principal planes the shear stress is zero. There are three principal stresses on three mutually perpendicular planes. The state of stress at a point may be: (1) uniaxial, a state of stress in which two of the three principal stresses are zero; (2) biaxial, a state of stress in which only one of the three principal stresses is zero; or (3) triaxial, a state of stress in which none of the principal stresses is zero. Multiaxial stress refers to either biaxial or triaxial stress. 相對(duì)于所考慮平面的所有可能方向，所考慮平面中某點(diǎn)處的法向應(yīng)力的最大值或最小值。在這樣的主平面上，剪切應(yīng)力為零。在三個(gè)相互垂直的平面上有三個(gè)主應(yīng)力。一點(diǎn)的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)可以是：（1）單軸，三個(gè)主應(yīng)力中的兩個(gè)為零的應(yīng)力；（2）雙軸，三個(gè)主應(yīng)力中只有一個(gè)為零的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)；或（3）三軸，即主應(yīng)力均不為零的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)。多軸應(yīng)力是指雙軸或三軸應(yīng)力。 |
| Bypass ratio | 旁路比 |
In a turbofan engine, the ratio of the mass flow rate of the bypass stream to the mass flow rate through the core of the engine. 在渦扇發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中，旁通流的質(zhì)量流量與通過(guò)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)核心的質(zhì)量流量之比。 |
| Condensing boiler | 冷凝鍋爐 |
A relatively small industrial or domestic boiler that burns sulfur-free natural gas so that the products of combustion do not contain sulfuric acid and can be allowed to condense on heat-transfer surfaces without danger of corrosion. 一種相對(duì)較小的工業(yè)或家用鍋爐，燃燒無(wú)硫天然氣，因此燃燒產(chǎn)物不含硫酸，并且可以在傳熱表面上冷凝而沒(méi)有腐蝕的危險(xiǎn)。 |
| Fluid mechanics | 流體力學(xué) |
The study of fluids in motion (fluid dynamics) or fluid statics where there is no relative motion between fluid particles. Fluid statics concerns primarily the variation of pressure with altitude or depth; it includes aerostatics and hydrostatics. Fluid dynamics includes the topics of aerodynamics, gas dynamics, hydraulics, hydrodynamics and many aspects of acoustics, chemical engineering, flight, lubrication, meteorology, non-Newtonian fluid flow, oceanography, power-plant technology, propulsion, and turbomachinery. 研究運(yùn)動(dòng)中的流體（流體動(dòng)力學(xué)）或流體靜力學(xué)，其中流體粒子之間沒(méi)有相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)。流體靜力學(xué)主要關(guān)注壓力隨高度或深度的變化；它包括空氣靜力學(xué)和流體靜力學(xué)。流體動(dòng)力學(xué)包括空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)、氣體動(dòng)力學(xué)、水力學(xué)、流體動(dòng)力學(xué)以及聲學(xué)、化學(xué)工程、飛行、潤(rùn)滑、氣象學(xué)、非牛頓流體流動(dòng)、海洋學(xué)、發(fā)電廠技術(shù)、推進(jìn)和渦輪機(jī)械的許多方面。 |
| Condenser | 冷凝器 |
A heat exchanger in which a substance is changed from its vapour phase to its liquid phase by reducing its temperature to below the saturation temperature. 一種熱交換器，通過(guò)將物質(zhì)的溫度降低到飽和溫度以下，將其從氣相變?yōu)橐合唷?/td> |
| Corrosion fatigue | 腐蝕疲勞 |
Cracking produced by the combined action of repeated or fluctuating stress and a corrosive environment at lower stress levels or fewer cycles than would be required in the absence of a corrosive environment. 由重復(fù)或波動(dòng)的應(yīng)力和腐蝕環(huán)境的聯(lián)合作用產(chǎn)生的開(kāi)裂，其應(yīng)力水平低于沒(méi)有腐蝕環(huán)境時(shí)所需的應(yīng)力水平或循環(huán)次數(shù)更少。 |
| Median fatigue strength at N cycles | N次循環(huán)的中位疲勞強(qiáng)度 |
An estimate of the stress level at which 50% of the population would survive N cycles. The estimate is derived from a particular point of the fatigue life distribution, because there is no test procedure by which a frequency distribution of fatigue strengths at Ncycles can be directly observed. 估計(jì)50%的量在N個(gè)周期內(nèi)生存的壓力水平。該估計(jì)值來(lái)自疲勞壽命分布的一個(gè)特定點(diǎn)，因?yàn)闆](méi)有試驗(yàn)程序可以直接觀察N次循環(huán)疲勞強(qiáng)度的頻率分布。 |
| X–Y recorder | X-Y記錄儀 |
A device that plots a graph of a variable y against a variable x, both in the form of voltages. 一種繪制變量y和變量x的圖形的設(shè)備，兩者都以伏特?cái)?shù)的形式。 |
| Intercritical annealing | 臨界退火 |
Any annealing treatment that involves heating to, and holding at, a temperature between the upper and lower critical temperatures to obtain partial austenitization, followed by either slow cooling or holding at a temperature below the lower critical temperature. 任何退火處理，包括加熱至并保持在上臨界溫度和下臨界溫度之間的溫度，以獲得部分奧氏體化，然后緩慢冷卻或保持在低于下臨界溫度的溫度。 |
| Quimby screw pump | 昆比螺桿泵 |
A screw pump with two meshing screws, each having a righthand and a left-hand screw. Liquid enters at either end and is discharged from the middle. 帶有兩個(gè)嚙合螺釘?shù)穆輻U泵，每個(gè)都有一個(gè)右旋螺紋和一個(gè)左旋螺紋。液體從兩端進(jìn)入，從中間排出。 |
| Dimension line | 尺寸線 |
A line on an engineering drawing with a numeral above it that shows the length of a feature, usually in millimetres. 工程圖上的一條線，上面有一個(gè)數(shù)字，表示特征的長(zhǎng)度，通常以毫米為單位。 |
| Materials selection | 材料選擇 |
The process of selecting the most suitable material for a particular application. In the case of solid materials, it involves assessment of candidate materials in terms of their physical properties (density, elastic moduli, fracture toughness, yield strength, hardness, fatigue resistance, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, resistance to thermal shock, creep resistance, corrosion resistance, radiation resistance, etc), and such factors as the function of the final product, its shape, method of manufacture, required tolerances, number to be made, ease of inspection and quality control, cost, and design methodology employed. 為特定應(yīng)用選擇最合適材料的過(guò)程。對(duì)于固體材料，它涉及根據(jù)其物理特性（密度、彈性模量、斷裂韌性、屈服強(qiáng)度、硬度、抗疲勞性、熱膨脹系數(shù)、導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)、抗熱沖擊性、抗蠕變性、耐腐蝕性、抗輻射性等）評(píng)估候選材料，以及諸如最終產(chǎn)品的功能、其形狀、制造方法、所需公差、制造數(shù)量、檢查和質(zhì)量控制的容易程度、成本和采用的設(shè)計(jì)方法等因素。 |
| Strain | 拉緊 |
The unit of change in the size or shape of a body due to force. Also known as nominal strain. 物體的大小或形狀因力而變化的單位。也稱為標(biāo)稱應(yīng)變。 |
| Pitting | 點(diǎn)蝕 |
In tribology, a type of wear characterized by the presence of small, sharp surface cavities formed by processes such as fatigue, local adhesion, wear, corrosion, or cavitation. 在摩擦學(xué)中的一種磨損，其特征是存在由疲勞、局部粘附、磨損、腐蝕或空穴等過(guò)程形成的小而尖銳的表面空穴。 |
| Inspection gauge | 檢驗(yàn)規(guī) |
Any of various gauges used in manufacturing and quality control to check dimensions, finish, etc. 任何用于制造和質(zhì)量控制的各種量規(guī)，以檢查尺寸、光潔度等。 |
| Mole number (N) | 摩爾數(shù)（N） |
The number of moles in a given mass m of a substance, equal to m divided by the molar mass of the substance. 摩爾數(shù)物質(zhì)給定質(zhì)量m中的摩爾數(shù)，等于m除以物質(zhì)的摩爾質(zhì)量。 |
| Verification | 檢驗(yàn) |
Checking or testing an instrument to ensure conformance with a specification. 檢查或測(cè)試儀器以確保符合規(guī)范。 |
| Sharp-notch strength | 銳缺口強(qiáng)度 |
The notch tensile strength measured using specimens with very small notch root radii (approaching the limit for machining capability); values of sharp-notch strength usually depend on notch root radius. 使用缺口根部半徑非常小（接近加工能力極限）的試樣測(cè)量的缺口抗拉強(qiáng)度；銳缺口強(qiáng)度值通常取決于缺口根部半徑。 |
| Diesel engine | 柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī) |
(compression–ignition engine) A piston engine operating on the Diesel cycle in which the air is compressed to a temperature above the autoignition temperature of the fuel and combustion is initiated as the fuel is injected into the hot air. Diesel engines operate at higher compression ratios (typically in the range 12 to 24) than petrol engines. Although named after Rudolf Diesel, the inventor, Diesel engine is often spelled with a lower case d, contrary to normal practice. （壓燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)）在柴油循環(huán)中運(yùn)行的活塞式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，在該循環(huán)中，空氣被壓縮至高于燃料自燃溫度的溫度，當(dāng)燃料噴射到熱空氣中時(shí)，燃燒開(kāi)始。柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在比汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)更高的壓縮比下運(yùn)行（通常在12到24的范圍內(nèi)）。雖然以發(fā)明人魯?shù)婪颉さ先麪柮?，但迪塞爾發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)通常拼寫為小寫d，這與正常做法相反。 |
| Kilogram (kg) | 千克（kg） |
The base unit of mass in the SI system. It was previously defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram, a right cylinder of height and diameter 39.17 mm made of an alloy of 90% (by mass) platinum and 10% iridium. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.626 070 150 × 10?34?when expressed in the unit J.s, which is equal to kg.m2.s. 國(guó)際單位制中的基本質(zhì)量單位。它以前被定義為等于國(guó)際原型千克的質(zhì)量，一個(gè)高度和直徑為39.17毫米的右圓柱體，由90%（質(zhì)量）的鉑和10%的銥合金制成。從2019年5月20日起，普朗克常數(shù)h的固定數(shù)值被定義為6.626070150×10?34當(dāng)以單位J.s表示時(shí)，和kg.m2.s一樣。 |
| Dowel | 銷釘 |
A headless cylindrical pin that fits into corresponding holes in mating components, thus ensuring relative location. A round metal or wooden pin. A pin, usually of circular shape like a cylinder, used to pin or fasten something in position temporarily or permanently. 一種圓頭金屬或木制圓柱銷，可插入配合組件的相應(yīng)孔中，從而確保相對(duì)位置，用于暫時(shí)或永久地將某物固定或固定到位。 |
| Blue brittleness | 藍(lán)色脆性 |
Anomalous loss of ductility when quenched steels are tempered in the range 250–350°C (temperatures that produce blue tints on the surface of components). Brittleness exhibited by some steels after being heated to some temperature within the range of about 205 to 370 °C (400 to 700 °F), particularly if the steel is worked at the elevated temperature. Killed steels are virtually free of this kind of brittleness. 當(dāng)淬火鋼在250–350°C范圍內(nèi)回火（在部件表面產(chǎn)生藍(lán)色色調(diào)的溫度）時(shí)，延展性異常損失。某些鋼在加熱到約205至370°C（400至700°F）范圍內(nèi)的某個(gè)溫度后表現(xiàn)出脆性，特別是在高溫下加工鋼時(shí)。鎮(zhèn)靜鋼幾乎沒(méi)有這種脆性。 |
| Nanoparticles | 納米顆粒 |
Particles with dimensions of order 1 nm which have either been introduced into microstructures for reinforcement or are present as impurities. 尺寸為1nm級(jí)的顆粒，其已被引入微結(jié)構(gòu)中用于增強(qiáng)或作為雜質(zhì)存在。 |
| Bearing yield strength | 軸承屈服強(qiáng)度 |
The bearing stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the proportionality of bearing stress to bearing strain in a bearing test. 在軸承測(cè)試中，材料在軸承應(yīng)力與軸承應(yīng)變的比例之間表現(xiàn)出特定的極限偏差時(shí)的軸承應(yīng)力。 |
| Load | 負(fù)載 |
For testing machines, a force applied to a test piece that is measured in units such as pound-force, newton, or kilogram-force. 對(duì)于試驗(yàn)機(jī)，施加在試件上的力，以磅力、牛頓或千克力等單位測(cè)量。 |
| Temper | 回火 |
(1) In heat treatment, reheating hardened steel or hardened cast iron to some temperature below the eutectoid temperature for the purpose of decreasing hardness and increasing toughness. The process also is sometimes applied to normalized steel. (2) In tool steels, temper is sometimes used, but inadvisedly, to denote the carbon content. (3) In nonferrous alloys and in some ferrous alloys (steels that cannot be hardened by heat treatment), the hardness and strength produced by mechanical or thermal treatment, or both, and characterized by a certain structure, mechanical properties, or reduction in area during cold working. （1）在熱處理中，將硬化鋼或硬化鑄鐵重新加熱到共析溫度以下的溫度，以降低硬度和增加韌性。該工藝有時(shí)也適用于正火鋼。（2）在工具鋼中，有時(shí)使用回火來(lái)表示碳含量，但這是不恰當(dāng)?shù)?。?）在非鐵合金和一些鐵合金（不能通過(guò)熱處理硬化的鋼）中，通過(guò)機(jī)械或熱處理或兩者產(chǎn)生的硬度和強(qiáng)度，其特征是在冷加工過(guò)程中具有一定的結(jié)構(gòu)、機(jī)械性能或面積減小。 |
| Auxetic materials | 拉脹材料 |
Those man-made materials for which Poisson’s ratio is negative, so that the cross section expands when subjected to a longitudinal tensile stress and contracts when subjected to a longitudinal compressive stress. 泊松比為負(fù)的人造材料，其橫截面在受到縱向拉應(yīng)力時(shí)會(huì)膨脹，在受到縱向壓應(yīng)力時(shí)會(huì)收縮。 |
| Heat-capacity rate (c) (Unit W/K) | 熱容率（c）（單位W/K） |
For fluid flow in a duct with mass flow rate ?, the product ?C where C is the specific-heat capacity, at constant pressure (CP) in the case of a gas. 對(duì)于質(zhì)量流量為?的管道中的流體流動(dòng)，乘積?C其中C是比熱容，在氣體的情況下為恒定壓力（CP）。 |
| Steam gauge | 汽壓表 |
A pressure gauge used to measure gauge pressure in a line, boiler, cylinder, or other device operating with steam. 一種壓力表，用于測(cè)量管道、鍋爐、汽缸或其他與蒸汽一起工作的裝置中的表壓。 |
| Shoulder joint | 軸肩關(guān)節(jié) |
The second joint on an articulated robot, which has a horizontal axis and is analogous to the human shoulder. 關(guān)節(jié)機(jī)器人上的第二個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)，具有水平軸，類似于人的肩膀。 |
| Effective crack size (ae) | 有效裂紋尺寸（ae） |
The physical crack size augmented for the effects of cracking plastic deformation. Sometimes the effective crack size is calculated from a measured value of a physical crack size plus a calculated value of a plastic-zone adjustment. A preferred method for calculation of effective crack size compares compliance from the secant of a load-deflection trace with the elastic compliance from a calibration for the type of specimen. 由于裂紋塑性變形的影響，物理裂紋尺寸增大。有時(shí)，根據(jù)物理裂紋尺寸的測(cè)量值加上塑性區(qū)調(diào)整的計(jì)算值來(lái)計(jì)算有效裂紋尺寸。計(jì)算有效裂紋尺寸的首選方法是將載荷-撓度軌跡正割的柔度與試樣類型校準(zhǔn)的彈性柔度進(jìn)行比較。 |
| Slenderness ratio | 長(zhǎng)細(xì)比 |
The effective unsupported length of a uniform column divided by the least radius of gyration of the cross-sectional area. 均勻柱的有效無(wú)支撐長(zhǎng)度除以橫截面積的最小回轉(zhuǎn)半徑。 |
| Statistic | 統(tǒng)計(jì) |
A summary value calculated from the observed values in a sample. 根據(jù)樣本中的觀察值計(jì)算得出的匯總值。 |
| Free carbon | 游離碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present in elemental form as graphite or temper carbon. Contrast with combined carbon. 鋼或鑄鐵中總碳中以石墨或回火碳等元素形式存在的部分。與結(jié)合碳形成對(duì)比。 |
| Closed system | 封閉系統(tǒng) |
A closed thermodynamic system consists of a fixed amount of mass. No mass can cross its boundary although energy can, in the form of work or heat, and its volume can change. 一個(gè)封閉的熱力學(xué)系統(tǒng)由一定量的質(zhì)量組成。能量可以以功或熱的形式存在，其體積可以改變，但沒(méi)有質(zhì)量可以越過(guò)它的邊界。 |
| Ultrasonic extensometer | 超聲波伸長(zhǎng)計(jì) |
An electronic instrument which measures the change in length of a fastener ultrasonically as, or before and after, the fastener is tightened. 一種電子儀器，可在緊固件擰緊時(shí)或前后通過(guò)超聲波測(cè)量緊固件長(zhǎng)度的變化。 |
| Cylinder head | 氣缸蓋 |
The machined casting, typically of aluminium alloy or cast iron, that fits above the cylinder block of a piston engine and closes off the cylinders. It normally includes part of the combustion chambers and holes for the valves and spark plugs. 活塞式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)缸體上方的機(jī)械鑄件，通常由鋁合金或鑄鐵制成，用于封閉氣缸。它通常包括燃燒室的一部分以及閥門和火花塞的孔。 |
| Stiffness | 剛度 |
(1) The ability of a metal or shape to resist elastic deflection.(2) The rate of stress increase with respect to the rate of increase in strain induced in the metal or shape; the greater the stress required to produce a given strain, the stiffer the material is said to be. （1）金屬或形狀抵抗彈性變形的能力。（2）所述應(yīng)力增加速率相對(duì)于在所述金屬或形狀中誘導(dǎo)的應(yīng)變?cè)黾铀俾?；產(chǎn)生給定應(yīng)變所需的應(yīng)力越大，材料就越硬。 |
| Cast steel | 鑄鋼 |
Steel that is cast into shapes. It has superior properties to most cast irons, but is more expensive to produce. 鑄成形狀的鋼。與大多數(shù)鑄鐵相比，它具有優(yōu)越的性能，但生產(chǎn)成本更高。 |
| Taper pins | 圓錐銷 |
A pin or peg of circular cross section that tapers along its length. Steel pins used for locating and holding the machine parts in position on a shaft. 沿其長(zhǎng)度逐漸變細(xì)的圓形橫截面的銷釘或銷釘。用于在軸上定位和固定機(jī)器零件的鋼銷。 |
| Cooling curve | 冷卻曲線 |
A curve showing the relation between time and temperature during the cooling of a material. 顯示材料冷卻過(guò)程中時(shí)間和溫度之間關(guān)系的曲線。 |
| Mohr–Coulomb fracture criterion | Mohr–Coulomb斷裂準(zhǔn)則 |
A fracture criterion, primarily for brittle materials, according to which failure occurs when the stress at a point in a material falls outside the envelope created by the Mohr’s circles for uniaxial tensile strength and uniaxial compressive strength. 一種斷裂準(zhǔn)則，主要適用于脆性材料，根據(jù)該準(zhǔn)則，當(dāng)材料中某一點(diǎn)的應(yīng)力落在單軸抗拉強(qiáng)度和單軸抗壓強(qiáng)度的莫爾圓所形成的包絡(luò)線之外時(shí)，就會(huì)發(fā)生斷裂。 |
| Scatter | 分散 |
Data points or calculations are said to be scattered when they are not all the same. A ‘‘lot of scatter in preload’’ means wide variation in the preloads found in individual bolts. 當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)或計(jì)算不盡相同時(shí)，它們被稱為分散的?！邦A(yù)載的大量分散”意味著單個(gè)螺栓中的預(yù)載差異很大。 |
| Biodiesel | 生物柴油 |
A substitute for diesel fuel derived from the oily seeds of sunflowers, oilseed rape, soya beans, etc. 從向日葵、油菜、大豆等的油性種子中提取的柴油的替代品。 |
| Elongation | 伸張率 |
A term used in mechanical testing to describe the amount of extension of a test piece when stressed. 機(jī)械測(cè)試中使用的術(shù)語(yǔ)，用于描述試樣在受力時(shí)的延伸量。 |
| Endurance | 耐力 |
The capacity of a material to withstand repeated application of stress. 材料承受反復(fù)施加應(yīng)力的能力。 |
| Hardenability | 淬透性 |
Defined as the ability of a ferrous material to acquire hardness after austenitization and quenching. The relative ability of a ferrous alloy to form martensite when quenched from a temperature above the upper critical temperature. Hardenability is commonly measured as the distance below a quenched surface where the metal exhibits a specific hardness (50 HRC, for example) or a specific percentage of martensite in the microstructure. 定義為黑色金屬材料在奧氏體化和淬火后獲得硬度的能力。鐵合金從高于上臨界溫度的溫度淬火時(shí)形成馬氏體的相對(duì)能力。淬透性通常以淬火表面下方的距離來(lái)測(cè)量，金屬在淬火表面處表現(xiàn)出特定硬度（例如50HRC）或微觀結(jié)構(gòu)中馬氏體的特定百分比。 |
| Stress-intensity calibration | 應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度校準(zhǔn) |
A mathematical expression, based on empirical or analytical results, that relates the stress-intensity factor to load and crack length for a specific specimen planar geometry. Also known as Kcalibration. 基于經(jīng)驗(yàn)或分析結(jié)果的數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式，該表達(dá)式將特定試樣平面幾何形狀的應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度因子與載荷和裂紋長(zhǎng)度聯(lián)系起來(lái)。也稱為K校準(zhǔn)。 |
| Blanking shear test | 落料剪力試驗(yàn) |
A method used to determine the through-thickness shear strength of sheet material that involves blanking a disk out of flat strip using a simple punch-and-die method. Alson known as punching shear test. 一種用于確定板材全厚度剪切強(qiáng)度的方法，包括使用簡(jiǎn)單的沖模方法從扁平帶材中沖裁出圓盤。也稱為沖切試驗(yàn)。 |
| Weld penetration | 焊接熔深 |
It is the depth below the surfaces, as revealed in microstructural sections of joined metals, which is melted during welding. 它是焊接過(guò)程中熔化的連接金屬的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)截面所顯示的表面以下的深度。 |
| Frequency | 頻率 |
(temporal frequency, f) (Unit Hz) The number of cycles per second in an oscillation or the repetition rate for a cyclic process. （時(shí)間頻率，f）（單位Hz）振蕩中每秒的周期數(shù)或循環(huán)過(guò)程的重復(fù)率。 |
| Unison ring | 協(xié)調(diào)環(huán) |
In a turbomachine with adjustable guide or stator vanes, the ring to which a set of vanes is linked such that when the ring is rotated, all vane angles are adjusted. 在具有可調(diào)導(dǎo)向葉片或定子葉片的渦輪機(jī)中，一組葉片連接到的環(huán)，當(dāng)環(huán)旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，所有葉片角度都可調(diào)整。 |
| Olsen cup test | 奧爾森杯測(cè)試 |
A cupping test in which a piece of sheet metal, restrained except at the center, is deformed by a standard steel ball until fracture occurs. The height of the cup at time of fracture is a measure of the ductility. 一種杯突試驗(yàn)，其中一塊金屬板，除了中心以外，被一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鋼球變形，直到發(fā)生斷裂。斷裂時(shí)杯的高度是延展性的量度。 |
| Pressure regulator | 壓力調(diào)節(jié)器 |
(pressure-regulating valve) A device installed in a pneumatic or gas system to maintain the downstream pressure at the required level. （壓力調(diào)節(jié)閥）安裝在氣動(dòng)或氣體系統(tǒng)中以將下游壓力保持在所需水平的裝置。 |
| Condensation shock | 冷凝沖擊 |
For supersonic flow of a moist gas through a divergent nozzle, condensation occurs in the form of spontaneous nucleation at some point downstream of that at which the temperature falls to the saturation temperature. The condensation process proceeds rapidly, and results in a fairly thick discontinuity termed a condensation shock. 對(duì)于通過(guò)發(fā)散噴嘴的濕氣體超音速流動(dòng)，在溫度降至飽和溫度的點(diǎn)下游的某個(gè)點(diǎn)處，冷凝以自發(fā)成核的形式發(fā)生。凝結(jié)過(guò)程進(jìn)行得很快，導(dǎo)致相當(dāng)厚的不連續(xù)性，稱為凝結(jié)激波。 |
| Transformation toughening | 相變?cè)鲰g |
The improvement of fracture toughness of a material by stress-induced transformation of the microstructure. 通過(guò)微結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)力誘導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)變來(lái)提高材料的斷裂韌性。 |
| Striation | 條紋組織 |
A fatigue fracture feature, often observed in electron micrographs, that indicates the position of the crack front after each succeeding cycle of stress. The distance between striations indicates the advance of the crack front across that crystal during one stress cycle, and a line normal to the striation indicates the direction of local crack propagation. 一種疲勞斷裂特征，通常在電子顯微照片中觀察到，表明每次應(yīng)力循環(huán)后裂紋前沿的位置。條紋之間的距離表示在一個(gè)應(yīng)力循環(huán)期間裂紋前沿穿過(guò)該晶體的前進(jìn)，垂直于條紋的線表示局部裂紋擴(kuò)展的方向。 |
| Welding | 焊接 |
In tribology, the bonding between metallic surfaces in direct contact, at any temperature. A joining process in which the mating surfaces are at least softened, or more usually melted, unlike soldering and brazing. In solid-state (non-melting) welding, similar or dissimilar metals or thermoplastics may be joined by applying pressure to hot interfaces. In forge welding, joining is achieved by compression across the join between pre-heated workpieces. In friction welding (spin welding) one of the contacting surfaces is rotated rapidly before being loaded against the other. On contact, heat generated by friction softens the materials and permits severe plastic deformation that seals the joint. In friction stir welding, a wear-resistant tool is rotated rapidly, indents the surfaces and is traversed to form a join line. Resistance welding involves simultaneous pressure and electrically-generated heat, as in spot welding where a heavy electric current is passed for a short time through metal sheets which are pressed together between electrodes. 在摩擦學(xué)中，在任何溫度下直接接觸的金屬表面之間的結(jié)合。與釬焊和釬焊不同，接合面至少軟化或更通常熔化的接合工藝。在固態(tài)（非熔化）焊接中，相似或不同的金屬或熱塑性塑料可通過(guò)向熱界面施加壓力來(lái)連接。在鍛造焊接中，通過(guò)壓縮預(yù)熱工件之間的連接來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)連接。在摩擦焊接（旋轉(zhuǎn)焊接）中，一個(gè)接觸表面在被加載到另一個(gè)表面之前快速旋轉(zhuǎn)。接觸時(shí)，摩擦產(chǎn)生的熱量使材料軟化，并允許密封接頭的嚴(yán)重塑性變形。在攪拌摩擦焊中，耐磨工具快速旋轉(zhuǎn)，使表面凹陷，并橫穿形成連接線。電阻焊涉及同時(shí)產(chǎn)生的壓力和電產(chǎn)生的熱量，如點(diǎn)焊，在點(diǎn)焊中，大電流短時(shí)間通過(guò)電極之間壓在一起的金屬板。 |
| Retaining clip | 固定夾 |
(R-clip, hair cotter pin) A wire clip roughly with the shape of the letter R. The straight part of the clip passes through a hole drilled into a shaft or rod such that a wheel is held in position on the shaft, or the shaft is prevented from moving axially. （R形夾，開(kāi)口銷）大致與字母R形狀相同的線夾。線夾的直線部分穿過(guò)鉆在軸或桿上的孔，從而將車輪固定在軸上，或防止軸軸向移動(dòng)。 |
| Gasket m-factor | 墊片m系數(shù) |
For a gasketed joint of area A in which the clamping force is F, the factor m is defined by F ≥ mpA where p is the pressure that would separate the two halves of the joint and m > 1. 對(duì)于面積為A且?jiàn)A緊力為F的墊片接頭，系數(shù)m由F≥mpA定義，其中p是分離接頭兩半的壓力，m>1。 |
| Quarter hard | （1/4H）低硬（回火） |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength aboutmidway between that of dead soft and half hard tempers. 非鐵合金和某些鐵合金的一種回火，其特點(diǎn)是抗拉強(qiáng)度介于軟態(tài)和半硬態(tài)之間。 |
| Toughening mechanisms | 增韌機(jī)理 |
Various methods of increasing the resistance to crack initiation and propagation in materials. They include transformation toughening, in which the microstructure around the crack tip alters so as to slow down or arrest cracks; deflexion of cracks; various ways of de-sharpening crack tips; fibre bridging of cracks; and fibre pull-out. 增加材料中裂紋萌生和擴(kuò)展阻力的各種方法。它們包括相變?cè)鲰g，其中裂紋尖端周圍的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化，以減緩或阻止裂紋；裂紋偏轉(zhuǎn)；消除裂紋尖端銳化的各種方法；纖維橋接裂紋；和纖維拉出。 |
| Scuffing | 擦傷 |
A form of adhesive wear that produces superficial scratches or a high polish on the rubbing surfaces. It is observed most often on inadequately lubricated parts. 粘著磨損的一種形式，在摩擦表面上產(chǎn)生表面劃痕或高度拋光。通常在潤(rùn)滑不足的零件上觀察到。 |
| Latent heat | 潛熱 |
Thermal energy absorbed or released when a substance undergoes a phase change. 物質(zhì)發(fā)生相變時(shí)吸收或釋放的熱能。 |
| Compressor | 壓縮機(jī) |
A turbomachine, of either axial or radial type, that increases the pressure of a gas or vapour. 一種增加氣體或蒸汽壓力的軸向或徑向渦輪機(jī)。 |
| Angle of attack (α) | 攻角（α） |
(Unit °) The angle between a reference line on a lifting body and the vector direction of the relative velocity between the body and the fluid through which it is moving. In the case of an aerofoil, turbine, or compressor blade, the usual reference line is the chord line. （單位°）升力體上的參考線與升力體與其運(yùn)動(dòng)通過(guò)的流體之間的相對(duì)速度的矢量方向之間的角度。在機(jī)翼、渦輪或壓縮機(jī)葉片的情況下，通常的參考線是弦線。 |
| Hardness test | 硬度測(cè)試 |
1. Any of various tests in which different hard indenters are forced into the surface of a solid under different loads to give permanent impressions, the pressure to cause which being called the hardness. The Brinell test employs a spherical indenter; the Vickers test a square-based pyramid. The relation between indentation hardness H and uniaxial yield stress Y is approximately H = (2.5 ~ 3.0)Y. Originally hardnesses were given in kg/mm2 but now are often given in Pa. 2. The tests for scratch and file hardness relate either to one material being able to mark another (Mohs hardness scale for minerals), or to the size of groove produced by a rigid indenter slid under load across a surface. 3. Rebound hardness concerns the height of rebound of a dropped indenter, or an indenter at the end of a pivoted arm, having struck a surface. 1.任何一種試驗(yàn)，其中不同的硬壓頭在不同載荷下壓入固體表面，以產(chǎn)生永久壓痕，所產(chǎn)生的壓力稱為硬度。布氏試驗(yàn)采用球形壓頭；維氏硬度測(cè)試是一個(gè)方形金字塔。壓痕硬度H與單軸屈服應(yīng)力Y之間的關(guān)系約為H=（2.5~3.0）Y。最初硬度以kg/mm2為單位，但現(xiàn)在通常在Pa.2中給出。劃痕和銼刀硬度測(cè)試要么與一種材料能夠標(biāo)記另一種材料（礦物的莫氏硬度標(biāo)度）有關(guān)，要么與剛性壓頭在表面上滑動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的凹槽大小有關(guān)。3.回彈硬度涉及掉落壓頭或旋轉(zhuǎn)臂端部壓頭撞擊表面后的回彈高度。 |
| Rupture stress | 斷裂應(yīng)力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as breaking stress. 失效時(shí)的應(yīng)力。也稱為破裂應(yīng)力。 |
| Following flank | 跟隨側(cè)翼 |
The flank of a thread opposite to the leading flank. 與前牙面相對(duì)的螺紋牙面。 |
| Starting friction | 起動(dòng)摩擦 |
(limiting friction, static friction, stiction) (Unit N) The force required to initiate movement between two bodies in contact. （極限摩擦力、靜摩擦力、粘滯）（單位N）在兩個(gè)接觸物體之間啟動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)所需的力。 |
| Pressure (p) (Unit Pa) | 壓力（p）（單位Pa） |
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressive force exerted by the fluid per unit area. The pressure exerted by a fluid on a surface acts normal to the surface. 在熱力學(xué)和流體力學(xué)中，每單位面積流體施加的壓縮力。流體施加在表面上的壓力垂直于表面。 |
| Concurrent engineering | 并行工程 |
The integration of the procedures for product design, material selection and manufacturing method to include life-cycle analysis. 產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、材料選擇和制造方法程序的整合，包括生命周期分析。 |
| Age hardening | 時(shí)效硬化 |
Raising the strength and hardness of an alloy by heating a supersaturated solid solution at a relatively low temperature to induce precipitation of a finely dispersed second phase. Also known as aging or precipitation hardening. Hardening by aging, usually after rapid cooling or cold working. 通過(guò)在相對(duì)較低的溫度下加熱過(guò)飽和固溶體以誘導(dǎo)細(xì)分散的第二相沉淀來(lái)提高合金的強(qiáng)度和硬度。也稱為時(shí)效或沉淀硬化。通常在快速冷卻或冷加工后。 |
| Clearance fit | 間隙配合 |
A range of clearances ranging from close sliding to loose running, i.e. a fit in which the limits for the mating parts always permit assembly. 從緊密滑動(dòng)到松動(dòng)運(yùn)行的一系列間隙，即配合零件的限制始終允許組裝的配合。 |
| Gear pump | 齒輪泵 |
A positive-displacement pump in which fluid is pumped by meshing gears, one driven and the other an idler gear, on parallel axes within a closed casing. 一種容積式泵，其中流體由嚙合齒輪泵送，在封閉外殼內(nèi)的平行軸上一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)，另一個(gè)為空套齒輪。 |
| Plane stress | 平面應(yīng)力 |
The stress condition in linear-elastic fracture mechanics in which the stress in the thickness direction is zero; most nearly achieved in loading very thin sheet along a direction parallel to the surface of the sheet. Under plane-stress conditions, the plane of fracture instability is inclined 45° to the axis of the principal tensile stress. 線彈性斷裂力學(xué)中厚度方向上的應(yīng)力為零的應(yīng)力條件；在沿著平行于薄片表面的方向加載非常薄的薄片時(shí)最接近。在平面應(yīng)力條件下，斷裂失穩(wěn)平面與主拉應(yīng)力軸傾斜45°。 |
| Combined stresses | 復(fù)合應(yīng)力 |
The stress state at a point in a component subjected to combination of axial, bending, torsional loadings etc., acting along all reference axes. 沿所有參考軸作用的受軸向、彎曲、扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷等組合作用的部件中某點(diǎn)的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)。 |
| Sample variance (s2) | 樣本方差（s2） |
The sum of the squares of the differences between each observed value and the sample average divided by the sample size minus one. It is a point estimate of the population variance. 每個(gè)觀測(cè)值與樣本平均值之差的平方和除以樣本大小減1。它是總體方差的點(diǎn)估計(jì)。 |
| Allowable stress | 許用應(yīng)力 |
The maximum stress a designer can assume that the parts will stand. It is always less than the minimum strength of the material. For example, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code typically specifies an allowable stress that is one-quarter of the service temperature yield strength of the material. This introduces a four-to-one safety factor into the design process and is intended to compensate for uncertainties in estimates of strength, service loads, etc. 設(shè)計(jì)師可以假設(shè)零件能夠承受的最大應(yīng)力。它總是小于材料的最小強(qiáng)度。例如，ASME鍋爐和壓力容器規(guī)范通常指定允許應(yīng)力為材料使用溫度屈服強(qiáng)度的四分之一。這在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中引入了四比一的安全系數(shù)，旨在補(bǔ)償強(qiáng)度、服務(wù)載荷等估計(jì)的不確定性。 |
| Fine pitch | 細(xì)牙螺紋 |
Fine pitch threads are often used within the automotive industry. They are more easily tapped into harder materials and have less tendency to loosen. 細(xì)螺距螺紋通常用于汽車行業(yè)。它們更容易被敲入較硬的材料中，并且不太容易松動(dòng)。 |
| Full-size fastener | 全尺寸緊固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds ≈ d or ds > d, or screw threaded to the head, or fully threaded stud. 柄徑為ds≈d或ds>d的緊固件，或螺紋連接到頭部，或全螺紋螺柱。 |
| Slot | 狹槽 |
A groove machined into a component, e.g. to allow for thermal expansion, or in which the tongue or tip of another component can fit or slide. 在部件上加工的凹槽，例如，允許熱膨脹，或另一部件的榫舌或尖端可在其中安裝或滑動(dòng)。 |
| Design stress (Unit Pa) | 設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)力（單位Pa） |
The greatest allowable stress in a component or structure that will not result in failure under normal operating conditions. 在正常操作條件下不會(huì)導(dǎo)致失效的部件或結(jié)構(gòu)中的最大許用應(yīng)力。 |
| Blue annealing | 藍(lán)色退火 |
Heating hot-rolled ferrous sheet in an open furnace to a temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in air, in order to soften the metal. The formation of a bluish oxide on the surface is incidental. 在開(kāi)放式爐中將熱軋鐵板加熱到轉(zhuǎn)變范圍內(nèi)的溫度，然后在空氣中冷卻，以軟化金屬。在表面上形成藍(lán)色氧化物是偶然的。 |
| Bright annealing | 光亮退火 |
Annealing in a protective medium to prevent discoloration of the bright surface. 在保護(hù)介質(zhì)中退火以防止光亮表面變色。 |
| Available head (Unit m) | 可用水頭（單位米） |
In a hydroelectric power system, the difference between the vertical height of the water level in the supply reservoir above the turbine inlet less the head loss due to friction and fittings in the duct leading to the turbine. 在水力發(fā)電系統(tǒng)中，水輪機(jī)入口上方供水水庫(kù)中水位垂直高度之間的差減去由于通向渦輪機(jī)的管道中的摩擦和配件造成的水頭損失。 |
| Joule | 焦耳 |
The SI unit of energy. One joule is the work done by a force of one newton acting over a distance of one metre. The symbol is J, where 1 J = 1 N m. 國(guó)際單位制能量單位。一焦耳是一牛頓的力在一米的距離上所做的功。符號(hào)為J，其中1j=1m。 |
| Diaphragm compressor | 隔膜式壓縮機(jī) |
A machine in which compression is achieved by the reciprocating motion of a flexible membrane of metal, plastic, or elastomeric material. This arrangement is ideally suited to pumping high-purity, toxic, or explosive gases. A similar machine incorporating check valves is a self-priming positive-displacement pump (diaphragm pump, membrane pump). 通過(guò)金屬、塑料或彈性材料的柔性薄膜的往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)壓縮的機(jī)器。這種布置非常適合泵送高純度、有毒或爆炸性氣體。裝有止回閥的類似機(jī)器是自吸容積泵（隔膜泵、隔膜泵）。 |
| Diffusion | 擴(kuò)散 |
(1) Spreading of a constituent in a gas, liquid, or solid, tending to make the composition of all parts uniform. (2) The spontaneous movement of atoms or molecules to new sites within a material. （1） 一種成分在氣體、液體或固體中的擴(kuò)散，趨于使所有部分的成分均勻。（2） 原子或分子自發(fā)運(yùn)動(dòng)到材料內(nèi)的新位置。 |
| Overheating | 過(guò)熱 |
Heating a metal or alloy to such a high temperature that its properties are impaired. When the original properties cannot be restored by further heat treating, by mechanical working, or by a combination of working and heat treating, the overheating is known as burning. 將金屬或合金加熱至其性能受損的高溫。當(dāng)通過(guò)進(jìn)一步熱處理、機(jī)械加工或加工與熱處理的組合無(wú)法恢復(fù)原始性能時(shí)，過(guò)熱稱為燃燒。 |
| Prying | 撬動(dòng) |
The magnification of an External load by a pseudolever action when that load is an Eccentric tensile load. 當(dāng)外部荷載為偏心拉伸荷載時(shí)，通過(guò)偽杠桿作用放大外部荷載。 |
| Dynamic coupling | 動(dòng)態(tài)耦合 |
In vibrations, the existence of inertial terms depending on mass in the governing equations, so that there is only a force if there is a corresponding acceleration. 在振動(dòng)中，慣性項(xiàng)的存在取決于控制方程中的質(zhì)量，因此只有當(dāng)有相應(yīng)的加速度時(shí)才有力。 |
| Generator | 發(fā)電機(jī) |
1. A machine for converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. 2. (generatrix) A point, line, or surface regarded as moving and so forming a line, a surface, or a volume, respectively. 1.將機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能的機(jī)器。2.（母線）被認(rèn)為是運(yùn)動(dòng)的點(diǎn)、線或面，因此分別形成一條線、一個(gè)面或一個(gè)體積。 |
| Stress-intensity factor | 應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度因子 |
A scaling factor, usually denoted by the symbol K, used in linear-elastic fracture mechanics to describe the intensification of applied stress at the tip of a crack of known size and shape. At the onset of rapid crack propagation in any structure containing a crack, the factor is called the critical stress-intensity factor, or the fracture toughness. 一種標(biāo)度因子，通常用符號(hào)K表示，在線彈性斷裂力學(xué)中用于描述已知尺寸和形狀的裂紋尖端施加應(yīng)力的增強(qiáng)。在任何含有裂紋的結(jié)構(gòu)中，裂紋快速擴(kuò)展開(kāi)始時(shí)，該因子稱為臨界應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度因子，或斷裂韌性。 |
| Nut factor | 螺母系數(shù) |
An experimental constant used to evaluate or describe the ratio between the torque applied to a fastener and the Preload achieved as a result. 用于評(píng)估或描述施加在緊固件上的扭矩與由此獲得的預(yù)載之間的比率的實(shí)驗(yàn)常數(shù)。 |
| Minute (min) | 分鐘（min） |
A non-SI unit of time. The conversion to SI is 1 min = 60 s. 非SI時(shí)間單位。轉(zhuǎn)換為1分鐘=60秒。 |
| Mechatronics | 機(jī)電一體化 |
The integration of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and software engineering. 機(jī)械工程、電氣工程、電子工程和軟件工程的集成。 |
| Graphitic carbon | 石墨碳 |
Free carbon in steel or cast iron. 鋼或鑄鐵中的游離碳。 |
| Toggle (toggle clamp) | 撥動(dòng)（撥動(dòng)夾） |
A device consisting of two pinned levers that are almost in line between two end points in the same plane. Bringing the levers into line generates large forces between the ends. Used to obtain a large mechanical advantage or as a locking mechanism. 由兩個(gè)銷桿組成的裝置，在同一平面的兩個(gè)端點(diǎn)之間幾乎成一條直線。將杠桿對(duì)齊會(huì)在端部之間產(chǎn)生較大的力。用于獲得較大的機(jī)械優(yōu)勢(shì)或用作鎖定機(jī)構(gòu)。 |
| Millimetre of water | 毫米水柱 |
A non-SI unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of water 1 mm high. Approximately equal to 9.81 Pa. 一種非SI壓力單位，等于1毫米高的垂直水柱施加的壓力。大約等于9.81Pa。 |
| Annealing | 退火 |
A generic term denoting a treatment, consisting of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate, used primarily to soften metallic materials, but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure. 一個(gè)通用術(shù)語(yǔ)，表示一種處理，包括加熱并保持在合適的溫度，然后以合適的速率冷卻，主要用于軟化金屬材料，但也同時(shí)產(chǎn)生其他性能或微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的所需變化。 |
| Sample median | 樣本中間值 |
The middle value when all observed values in a sample are arranged in order of magnitude. If an even number of samples are tested, the average of the two middlemost values is used. It is a point estimate of the population median, or 50% point. 當(dāng)樣本中的所有觀測(cè)值按數(shù)量級(jí)排列時(shí)的中間值。如果測(cè)試的樣本數(shù)為偶數(shù)，則使用兩個(gè)中間值的平均值。這是人口中位數(shù)的一個(gè)點(diǎn)估計(jì)值，或50%的點(diǎn)。 |
| Homogenizing | 均質(zhì)化 |
Holding at high temperature to eliminate or decrease chemical segregation by diffusion. 保持高溫以消除或減少擴(kuò)散引起的化學(xué)偏析。 |
| Delamination | 分層 |
A mode of failure of composite materials, including radial-ply tyres, in which the layers separate due to repeated cyclic loading, impact, or weak bonding. 復(fù)合材料的一種失效模式，包括子午線輪胎，其中層由于重復(fù)的循環(huán)載荷、沖擊或弱粘合而分離。 |
| Maraging steels | 馬氏體時(shí)效鋼 |
Very high-strength iron alloys named after ‘martensitic’ and ‘a(chǎn)ging’. They contain nickel, chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum, and form martensite on air cooling with a strength of about 1 GPa. When reheated to about 500°C and aged for some hours, a room-temperature strength of some 2.4 GPa is reached. 以“馬氏體”和“時(shí)效”命名的超高強(qiáng)度鐵合金。它們含有鎳、鉻、鈷和鉬，在空氣冷卻下形成強(qiáng)度約為1GPa的馬氏體。當(dāng)再加熱至約500°C并老化數(shù)小時(shí)時(shí)，室溫強(qiáng)度達(dá)到約2.4GPa。 |
| Stress amplitude | 應(yīng)力幅值 |
One-half the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one cycle of a repetitively varying stress. 重復(fù)變化應(yīng)力的一個(gè)循環(huán)中最大和最小應(yīng)力之間代數(shù)差的一半。 |
| Proof load | 驗(yàn)證載荷（單位 N） |
The maximum, safe, static, tensile load which can be placed on a fastener without yielding it. Sometimes given as a force (in lb or N) sometimes as a stress (in psi or MPa). The test load in quality control to which different components made of different materials must be subjected without failing in order to perform properly. 可施加在緊固件上而不使其屈服的最大安全靜態(tài)拉伸載荷。有時(shí)以力（lb或N）表示，有時(shí)以應(yīng)力（psi或MPa）表示。質(zhì)量控制中的測(cè)試負(fù)荷，由不同材料制成的不同部件必須經(jīng)受該負(fù)荷，才能正常運(yùn)行。 |
| Interrupted aging | 分段時(shí)效 |
Aging at two or more temperatures, by steps, and cooling to room temperature after each step. 分為兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的溫度時(shí)效，按順序并在每個(gè)步驟后冷卻至室溫。 |
| Nut thickness | 螺母厚度 |
The nut thickness shall be the overall distance measured parallel to the axis of nut, from the top of the nut to the bearing surface, and shall include the thickness of the washer face where provided. 螺母厚度應(yīng)為平行于螺母軸線測(cè)量的從螺母頂部到軸承表面的總距離，還應(yīng)包括墊圈表面的厚度。 |
| Lead screw | 絲杠 |
The master screw running along the length of the bed of a lathe from which all screws threads on that machine are cut. Master screw used for cutting a screw thread in a lathe. 沿車床床身長(zhǎng)度方向運(yùn)行的主螺釘，該機(jī)床上的所有螺釘和螺紋都從主螺釘上切割下來(lái)。用于在車床上切削螺紋的主螺釘。 |
| Belt drive | 帶傳動(dòng) |
Transmission of motion from one shaft to another by means of a continuous plain, or toothed, flexible band (belt) passing over pulleys. In contrast to chain drives, belt drives tend to be employed in low-torque applications. Reduction in transmissible power may occur due to stretch of a plain transmission belt which results in slack in the drive (belt creep) or slip of a belt on a driving or driven pulley (belt slip). 通過(guò)穿過(guò)滑輪的連續(xù)平帶或帶齒柔性帶（帶）將運(yùn)動(dòng)從一根軸傳遞到另一根軸。與鏈條傳動(dòng)相比，皮帶傳動(dòng)往往用于低扭矩應(yīng)用。由于普通傳動(dòng)帶的拉伸可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致傳動(dòng)松弛（皮帶蠕變）或主動(dòng)或從動(dòng)皮帶輪上的皮帶打滑（皮帶打滑），從而導(dǎo)致傳動(dòng)功率降低。 |
| Abradant | 研磨劑 |
The differently sized grits of hard materials such as emery employed for grinding, polishing, etc. The abrasive grade is determined by the grit size (grit number) originally related to the hole sizes in wire sieves. 用于研磨、拋光等的硬質(zhì)材料（例如金剛砂）的不同尺寸粒度。磨料等級(jí)由最初與金屬絲篩孔尺寸相關(guān)的粒度（粒度數(shù)）決定。 |
| Cathode | 陰極 |
That electrode in a battery or corrosion cell which attracts electrons. 電池或腐蝕電池中吸引電子的電極。 |
| Weight (W) (Unit N) | 重量（W）（單位：N） |
The force of attraction on a body due to gravity. A body’s weight is the product of its mass and the gravitational field strength at that point. Mass remains constant, but weight depends on the object’s position on the Earth’s surface, decreasing with increasing altitude. If g is the acceleration due to gravity, the weight of a mass m is given by W = mg. On Earth, the acceleration due to gravity is approximately 9.81 m/s2, so that the weight of a 1 kg mass is 9.81 N. More generally, the weight is the force exerted on the mass of a body when in the gravitational field of another body. 重力由于重力作用在物體上的吸引力。物體的重量是其質(zhì)量和該點(diǎn)引力場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度的乘積。質(zhì)量保持不變，但重量取決于物體在地球表面的位置，隨著海拔的升高而減小。如果g是重力引起的加速度，則質(zhì)量m的重量由W=mg給出。在地球上，重力引起的加速度約為9.81m/s2，因此1千克質(zhì)量的重量為9.81N。更一般地說(shuō)，重量是在另一個(gè)物體的重力場(chǎng)中施加在物體質(zhì)量上的力。 |
| Gauge | 測(cè)量 |
1. Any instrument for measuring or checking dimensions, including adjustable gauges such as a micrometer and non-adjustable gauges such as go/no-go limit gauges that indicate the maximum and minimum dimensions allowable in a component during manufacture. 2. A term often used to mean an instrument, e.g. pressure gauge. 3. The diameter of a wire or thickness of a sheet according to a standard. 4. The distance between the rails of a railway track. 1. 任何用于測(cè)量或檢查尺寸的儀器，包括可調(diào)節(jié)量規(guī)（例如千分尺）和不可調(diào)節(jié)量規(guī)（例如指示制造過(guò)程中組件允許的最大和最小尺寸的通過(guò)/不通過(guò)限制量規(guī)）。2. 常用于表示儀器的術(shù)語(yǔ)，例如壓力表。3.根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的線材直徑或片材厚度。4.鐵路軌道的鋼軌之間的距離。 |
| Machine | 機(jī)器 |
A mechanism that transmits power in the performance of a useful task. More than one machine in one place, either connected or performing separate functions, is termed machinery. 在執(zhí)行有用任務(wù)時(shí)傳遞能量的機(jī)制。一個(gè)地方有一臺(tái)以上的連接或執(zhí)行單獨(dú)的功能，稱為機(jī)器。 |
| Thermal energy (heat energy) (Unit J) | 熱能（單位：J） |
The sensible and latent forms of internal energy. 內(nèi)能的感知和潛在形式。 |
| Ferritic stainless steels | 鐵素體不銹鋼 |
Ferritic stainless steels have the ferrite (BCC) crystal structure and contain 10–28% chromium and typically 0.1–0.35% carbon (all in wt%). They are magnetic and can be hardened by cold working. They have good to moderate mechanical properties, good oxidation and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures, and susceptibility to embrittlement at temperatures between 400 and 540°C. Used for turbine parts, hightemperature valves, automotive exhaust components, and nuclear reactor core components. 鐵素體不銹鋼具有鐵素體（BCC）晶體結(jié)構(gòu)，含有10-28%的鉻，通常含有0.1-0.35%的碳（均為重量%）。它們具有磁性，可通過(guò)冷加工硬化。它們具有良好至中等的機(jī)械性能，在高溫下具有良好的抗氧化性和耐腐蝕性，在400至540°C的溫度下易脆化。用于渦輪零件、高溫閥、汽車排氣部件和核反應(yīng)堆堆芯部件。 |
| Strength (Unit Pa) | 強(qiáng)度（單位Pa） |
The maximum stress, in tension, compression, shear, or combinations thereof, that may be monotonically applied to a material, component, or structure before failure (defined as fracture, yielding, buckling, etc. as appropriate). 在破壞前（視情況定義為斷裂、屈服、屈曲等），材料、部件或結(jié)構(gòu)在拉伸、壓縮、剪切或其組合中可能單調(diào)施加的最大應(yīng)力。 |
| Distortion | 扭曲 |
Any deviation from an original size, shape, or contour that occurs because of the application of stress or the release of residual stress. 由于施加應(yīng)力或釋放殘余應(yīng)力而發(fā)生的與原始尺寸、形狀或輪廓的任何偏差。 |
| Gearbox | 變速箱 |
A mechanism consisting of meshing gears which transmit power and torque to an output shaft from an input shaft directly connected to an engine. The mechanism is normally contained within a casing filled with lubricating oil. The diagram shows a simple four-speed sliding-mesh gearbox in which gears with different numbers of teeth are slid along parallel splined shafts within the gearbox to mesh with each other and change the ratio of output to input speed (gear ratio). 一種由嚙合齒輪組成的機(jī)構(gòu)，將動(dòng)力和扭矩從直接連接到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的輸入軸傳遞到輸出軸。該機(jī)構(gòu)通常包含在充滿潤(rùn)滑油的外殼內(nèi)。示例一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的四速滑動(dòng)嚙合齒輪箱，其中具有不同齒數(shù)的齒輪沿著齒輪箱內(nèi)的平行花鍵軸滑動(dòng)，以相互嚙合并改變輸出與輸入速度的比率（齒輪比）。 |
| Specific weight (γ) (Unit N/m3) | 比重（γ）（單位：N/m3） |
The weight per unit volume of a substance: if W is the weight of a volume of the substance, ρ is its density, and g is the acceleration due to gravity, γ = W/ = ρg. 物質(zhì)單位體積的重量：W是物質(zhì)體積的重量，ρ是其密度，g是重力引起的加速度，γ=W/=ρg。 |
| Standard gauge | 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)量規(guī) |
A highly-accurate reference gauge against which to check working gauges. 一種高精度的基準(zhǔn)量規(guī)，用于檢查工作量規(guī)。 |
| Zero time | 零時(shí) |
The time when the given loading or constraint conditions are initially obtained in creep or stressrelaxation tests, respectively. 分別在蠕變或應(yīng)力松弛試驗(yàn)中初始獲得給定載荷或約束條件的時(shí)間。 |
| Water jacket | 水套 |
A casing, typically of sheet metal, surrounding a machine, such as an engine, that requires cooling. Water is circulated through the jacket and a heat exchanger where the heat is removed. 機(jī)殼一種機(jī)殼，通常由金屬板制成，圍繞著需要冷卻的機(jī)器，如發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。水通過(guò)夾套和熱交換器循環(huán)，在熱交換器中熱量被去除。 |
| Apparent area of contact | 表觀接觸面積 |
In tribology, the area of contact between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries of their macroscopic interface. 在摩擦學(xué)中，兩個(gè)固體表面之間的接觸區(qū)域由其宏觀界面的邊界定義。 |
| Span (Unit m) | 跨度（單位：m） |
A dimension measured between the extremities of a body or structure, such as between the tips of a wing or the supports of a bridge. 在身體或結(jié)構(gòu)的末端之間測(cè)量的尺寸，如機(jī)翼尖端或橋梁支架之間。 |
| Compression ratio | 壓縮率 |
The volume of a combustion chamber with the piston at the top of its stroke as a proportion of the total volume of the cylinder with the piston at the bottom of its stroke. For a piston engine, if the swept volume is?SW?and the clearance volume is?CL, the compression ratio is given by (?SW?+?CL)/CL, i.e. it is a volume ratio rather than a pressure ratio. 活塞位于其沖程頂部的燃燒室的容積與活塞位于其沖程底部的氣缸總體積的比例。對(duì)于活塞發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，如果掃氣量為SW，間隙容積為CL，則壓縮比由(SW+CL)/CL給出，即它是體積比而不是壓力比。 |
| Fatigue failure | 疲勞失效 |
Failure that occurs when a specimen undergoing fatigue completely fractures into two parts or has softened or been otherwise significantly reduced in stiffness by thermal heating or cracking. 當(dāng)經(jīng)歷疲勞的試樣完全斷裂成兩部分或因熱加熱或開(kāi)裂而軟化或剛度顯著降低時(shí)發(fā)生的失效。 |
| Mass flow rate (?) (Unit kg/s) | 質(zhì)量流量（?）（單位kg/s） |
The mass of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. The corresponding mass flux (?″), with unit kg/s.m2, is the mass flow across a real surface or through a duct, divided by the surface or cross-sectional area A, i.e. ?″ = ?/A or ?″ = ρV where ρ is the material density and V is its velocity normal to the surface. 單位時(shí)間內(nèi)流過(guò)表面或通過(guò)管道或其他管道的材料質(zhì)量，通常是流體或粉末。相應(yīng)的質(zhì)量通量（?″），單位為kg/s.m2，是通過(guò)真實(shí)表面或通過(guò)管道的質(zhì)量流量除以表面或橫截面積A，即?″=?/A或?″=ρV，其中ρ是材料密度，V是其垂直于表面的速度。 |
| Tensiometer | 張力計(jì) |
An instrument used to measure surface tension. 用來(lái)測(cè)量表面張力的儀器。 |
| Permissible variation | 允許偏差 |
For testing machines, the maximum allowable error in the value of the quantity indicated. It is convenient to express permissible variation in terms of the percent error. 對(duì)于試驗(yàn)機(jī)，所示數(shù)量值的最大允許誤差。用誤差百分比表示允許偏差是很方便的。 |
| Impact energy (Unit J) | 沖擊能量（單位J） |
The amount of energy required to fracture a material, usually measured by means of an Izod test or Charpy test.The type of specimen and test conditions affect the values and therefore should be specified. 1. The sum of the kinetic energies of all the bodies involved at the instant of collision of two or more moving bodies. 2. The energy required to fracture a specimen in a Charpy or Izod impact test. 使材料斷裂所需的能量，通常通過(guò)懸臂梁式試驗(yàn)或夏比試驗(yàn)測(cè)量。試樣類型和試驗(yàn)條件會(huì)影響數(shù)值，因此應(yīng)加以說(shuō)明。1.兩個(gè)或多個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)物體碰撞瞬間所有物體的動(dòng)能之和。2.夏比或懸臂沖擊試驗(yàn)中斷裂試樣所需的能量。 |
| Induction heating | 感應(yīng)加熱 |
Heating by combined electrical resistance and hysteresis losses induced by subjecting a metal to the varying magnetic field surrounding a coil carrying alternating current. 通過(guò)將金屬置于承載交流電的線圈周圍的變化磁場(chǎng)中而引起的電阻和磁滯損耗的組合加熱。 |
| Ferritizing anneal | 鐵素體化退火 |
A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile (nodular) iron to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to be meaningful, the final microstructure desired or the time-temperature cycle used must be specified. 給予鑄態(tài)灰鐵或球墨鑄鐵以產(chǎn)生基本鐵素體基體的處理。為了使該術(shù)語(yǔ)有意義，必須指定所需的最終微觀結(jié)構(gòu)或使用的時(shí)間-溫度循環(huán)。 |
| Hypoeutectic alloy | 亞共晶合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectic, any alloy whose composition has an excess of base metal compared with the eutectic composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectic structure. 在呈現(xiàn)共晶的合金系統(tǒng)中，其成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微觀結(jié)構(gòu)包含一些共晶結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Strain-hardening exponent (n value) | 應(yīng)變硬化指數(shù)（n值） |
The value n in the relationship σ = Kεn, where σ is the true stress, ε is the true strain, and K, the strength coefficient, is equal to the true stress at a true strain of 1.0. The strain hardening exponent is equal to the slope of the true stress/true strain curve up to maximum load, when plotted on log-log coordinates. The n-value relates to the ability of a sheet of material to be stretched in metalworking operations. The higher the n-value, the better the formability(stretchability). Also known as the strain-hardening coefficient. 關(guān)系式σ=Kεn中的值n，其中σ是真應(yīng)力，ε是真應(yīng)變，K是強(qiáng)度系數(shù)，等于真應(yīng)變?yōu)?.0時(shí)的真應(yīng)力。在對(duì)數(shù)坐標(biāo)上繪制時(shí)，應(yīng)變硬化指數(shù)等于真應(yīng)力/真應(yīng)變曲線的斜率，直到最大載荷。n值與一片材料在金屬加工操作中拉伸的能力有關(guān)。n值越高，成形性（拉伸性）越好。也稱為應(yīng)變硬化系數(shù)。 |
| Verified loading range | 驗(yàn)證加載范圍 |
For testing machines, the range of indicated loads for which the testing machine gives results within the permissible variation specified. 對(duì)于試驗(yàn)機(jī)，試驗(yàn)機(jī)在規(guī)定允許偏差范圍內(nèi)給出結(jié)果的指示載荷范圍。 |
| True strain | 真應(yīng)變 |
?(1) The ratio of the change in dimension, resulting from a given load increment, to the magnitude of the dimension immediately prior to applying the load increment. (2) In a body subjected to axial force, the natural logarithm of the ratio of the gage length at the moment of observation to the original gage length. Also known as natural strain. Compare with engineering strain. （1）給定載荷增量導(dǎo)致的尺寸變化與施加載荷增量之前尺寸大小的比率。（2）在承受軸向力的物體中，觀察時(shí)刻標(biāo)距與原始標(biāo)距之比的自然對(duì)數(shù)。也稱為自然應(yīng)變。與工程應(yīng)變相比。 |
| Testing machine (load-measuring type) | 試驗(yàn)機(jī)（負(fù)載測(cè)量型） |
A mechanical device for applying a load (force) to a specimen. 向試樣施加載荷（力）的機(jī)械裝置。 |
| Design pressure (Unit Pa) | 設(shè)計(jì)壓力（單位Pa） |
The greatest pressure that a closed container is expected to experience under normal operating conditions. 密閉容器在正常操作條件下預(yù)期承受的最大壓力。 |
| Remaining stress | 殘留應(yīng)力 |
The stress remaining at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. See also stress relaxation. 在應(yīng)力松弛試驗(yàn)期間在給定時(shí)間內(nèi)剩余的應(yīng)力。參見(jiàn)壓力松弛。 |
| Thermal fatigue | 熱疲勞 |
Fatigue resulting from the presence of temperature gradients that vary with time in such a manner as to produce cyclic stresses in a structure. 由于溫度梯度的存在而產(chǎn)生的疲勞，溫度梯度隨時(shí)間變化，從而在結(jié)構(gòu)中產(chǎn)生循環(huán)應(yīng)力。 |
| Wrist pin | 腕銷 |
A stud projecting from a crank as an attachment for a connecting rod. wrought alloys Metal alloys that are initially cast and then shaped into final form by processes such as extrusion, forging, or rolling. 從曲柄上伸出的一個(gè)螺柱，作為連接桿的附件。鍛造合金最初鑄造，然后通過(guò)擠壓、鍛造或軋制等工藝成形為最終形狀的金屬合金。 |
| Rotary valve (rotating valve) | 旋轉(zhuǎn)閥 |
A cylindrical or conical plug in which there is a transverse hole through which fluid can flow when the hole is aligned with the adjacent piping. 一種圓柱形或錐形塞，其中有一個(gè)橫向孔，當(dāng)該孔與相鄰管道對(duì)齊時(shí)，流體可通過(guò)該孔流動(dòng)。 |
| Chilled castings | 冷鑄件 |
Iron castings cooled at a rate that results in white iron (slow enough to avoid the formation of martensite, yet fast enough to prevent any silicon present from causing decomposition of cementite into iron and graphite). 鑄鐵件以產(chǎn)生白口鐵的速度冷卻（足夠慢以避免形成馬氏體，但足夠快以防止任何存在的硅導(dǎo)致滲碳體分解成鐵和石墨）。 |
| Balancing machine | 平衡機(jī) |
A device that assesses the state of static and dynamic balance of a rotating part, and indicates the magnitude and location of weights to be added to give balance. 一種裝置，用于評(píng)估旋轉(zhuǎn)部件的靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)平衡狀態(tài)，并指示為獲得平衡而添加的砝碼的大小和位置。 |
| Air composition | 空氣成分 |
The sea-level composition (in per cent by volume) of air at a temperature of 15°C and a pressure of 1 atm is mainly 78.084% nitrogen, 20.947% oxygen and 0.934% argon. The remaining 0.035% consists of carbon dioxide, neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen, oxides of nitrogen, xenon, ozone, iodine, carbon monoxide, and ammonia. Different sources give slightly different figures for the composition. Not included are water vapour (typically 0.4%) and pollutants such as sulfur dioxide. 在15°C的溫度和1個(gè)大氣壓的壓力下，空氣的海平面成分（體積百分比）主要是78.084%的氮?dú)狻?0.947%的氧氣和0.934%的氬氣。剩余的0.035%由二氧化碳、氖、氦、甲烷、氪、氫、氮的氧化物、氙、臭氧、碘、一氧化碳和氨組成。不同的來(lái)源給出的組成略有不同。不包括水蒸氣（通常為0.4%）和二氧化硫等污染物。 |
| Complete decarburization | 完全脫碳 |
Decarburization with sufficient carbon loss to show only clearly defined ferrite grains under metallographic examination. 脫碳，具有足夠的碳損失，以在金相檢查下僅顯示清晰定義的鐵素體晶粒。 |
| Pressure-relief valve | 減壓閥 |
A valve that limits the maximum pressure in a pressure vessel or fluid-power system to a specified level. 將壓力容器或流體動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)中的最大壓力限制在規(guī)定水平的閥門。 |
| Alloying element | 合金元素 |
Component added deliberately with the aim of improving the properties of an alloy. Alloying elements can affect the existence range of equilibrium phases present in an unalloyed material, or lead to the occurrence of new phases, or both. In addition, alloying elements strongly affect the kinetics of phase transformations and thus the microstructure formation in alloyed materials. 為改善合金性能而有意添加的成分。合金元素可以影響非合金材料中存在的平衡相的存在范圍，或?qū)е滦孪嗟某霈F(xiàn)，或兩者兼而有之。此外，合金元素強(qiáng)烈影響相變動(dòng)力學(xué)，從而影響合金材料的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)形成。 |
| Centrifugal fan | 離心風(fēng)機(jī) |
A machine with a rotor consisting of a number of blades mounted around a hub and used for moving air or other gases. The gas enters the rotor axially and is discharged radially at increased pressure. 一種帶有轉(zhuǎn)子的機(jī)器，轉(zhuǎn)子由安裝在輪轂周圍的許多葉片組成，用于移動(dòng)空氣或其他氣體。氣體軸向進(jìn)入轉(zhuǎn)子并在增加的壓力下徑向排出。 |
| Combustion chamber | 爐膛 |
1. In a piston engine, the volume between the head of an individual cylinder and the crown of the piston in which the fuel–air mixture burns during each power stroke of the engine. 2. (combustor) In a gas-turbine engine, a ramjet, an afterburner, or a rocket motor, the component, often cylindrical or annular in shape, in which the fuel–air mixture burns in a continuous-flow process. 1.在活塞式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中，在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的每個(gè)動(dòng)力沖程中，燃料-空氣混合物燃燒的單個(gè)氣缸蓋和活塞頂之間的體積。2.（燃燒室）在燃?xì)鉁u輪發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、沖壓發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、加力燃燒室或火箭發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中，燃料-空氣混合物在連續(xù)流動(dòng)過(guò)程中燃燒的部件，通常為圓柱形或環(huán)形。 |
| Critical cooling rate | 臨界冷卻速度 |
The rate of continuous cooling required to prevent undesirable transformation. For steel, it is the minimum rate at which austenite must be continuously cooled to suppress transformations above the Ms temperature. 防止不期望的轉(zhuǎn)變所需的連續(xù)冷卻速率。對(duì)于鋼，它是奧氏體必須持續(xù)冷卻以抑制Ms溫度以上的轉(zhuǎn)變的最小速率。 |
| R-curve/Resistance curve | 阻力曲線 |
In linear-elastic fracture mechanics, a plot of crack-extension resistance as a function of stable crack extension, which is either the difference between the physical crack size, or the effective crack size, and the original crack size. R-curves normally depend on specimen thickness and, for some materials, on temperature and strain rate. An increase in fracture toughness with crack propagation shown by rising plots of toughness vs growing crack length. 在線彈性斷裂力學(xué)中，作為穩(wěn)定裂紋擴(kuò)展函數(shù)的裂紋擴(kuò)展阻力圖，即物理裂紋尺寸或有效裂紋尺寸與原始裂紋尺寸之間的差值。R曲線通常取決于試樣厚度，對(duì)于某些材料，還取決于溫度和應(yīng)變率。是隨著裂紋擴(kuò)展，斷裂韌性增加，表現(xiàn)為韌性與擴(kuò)展裂紋長(zhǎng)度的上升曲線。 |
| Initial strain | 初始應(yīng)變 |
The strain in a specimen immediately upon achieving the given loading conditions in a creep test (before creep occurs). Sometimes referred to as instantaneous strain. 在蠕變?cè)囼?yàn)中（蠕變發(fā)生之前）達(dá)到給定載荷條件后，試樣立即產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)變。有時(shí)稱為瞬時(shí)應(yīng)變。 |
| Die screw | 模具螺絲 |
Tool used when threading cylindrical pieces beyond the capacity of a die plate. 對(duì)超出模板容量的圓柱件進(jìn)行螺紋加工時(shí)使用的工具。 |
| Shear strain rate(Unit 1/s) | 剪切應(yīng)變率（單位1/s） |
In the deformation of solids, the rate at which shear strain is applied in a test or changes with time in a loaded component or structure. 在固體變形中，在試驗(yàn)中施加剪切應(yīng)變的速率，或在加載部件或結(jié)構(gòu)中隨時(shí)間變化的速率。 |
| Actual power | 實(shí)際功率 |
(actual horsepower) (Unit W or hp) The power delivered at the output shaft of an engine, before subsequent transmission through a gearbox etc. （實(shí)際馬力）（單位W或hp）在隨后通過(guò)變速箱等傳輸之前，在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出軸上傳遞的功率。 |
| Refractory materials | 耐火材料 |
Metals or ceramics that do not melt when exposed to temperature above about 1 500°C or deteriorate rapidly in a continuous temperature above about 550°C. 當(dāng)暴露于高于約1500°C的溫度時(shí)不熔化或在高于約550°C的連續(xù)溫度下快速劣化的金屬或陶瓷。 |
| Elastic energy | 彈性能 |
The amount of energy required to deform a material within its elastic range of behavior, neglecting small heat losses due to internal friction. The energy absorbed by a specimen per unit volume of material contained within the gage length being tested. It is determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain curve up to a specified elastic strain. See also modulus of resilience and strain energy. 材料在其彈性行為范圍內(nèi)變形所需的能量，忽略因內(nèi)耗引起的小熱損失。試樣在被測(cè)標(biāo)距內(nèi)每單位體積材料吸收的能量。它是通過(guò)測(cè)量應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線下達(dá)到規(guī)定彈性應(yīng)變的面積來(lái)確定的。另見(jiàn)彈性模量和應(yīng)變能。 |
| Effective length of a bolt | 螺栓的有效長(zhǎng)度 |
The grip length plus some portion of the bolt (often one-half of the thickness of the nuts) which lies within the nut(s) plus some portion (often one-half the thickness) of the head. 握持長(zhǎng)度加上位于螺母內(nèi)的螺栓的某些部分（通常是螺母厚度的二分之一）加上頭部的某些部分（通常是厚度的二分之一）。 |
| Vacuum annealing | 真空退火 |
Annealing carried out at subatmospheric pressure. 在低于大氣壓的壓力下進(jìn)行退火。 |
| Turbo generator | 渦輪發(fā)電機(jī) |
(turboset) The combination of a steam or gas turbine and an electrical generator with a single shaft or connected coaxial shafts. （汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)組）蒸汽或燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)與發(fā)電機(jī)的組合，具有單軸或連接的同軸。 |
| Brayton cycle | 布雷頓循環(huán) |
(Joule cycle) An air standard cycle that is the ideal cycle for a gasturbine engine. As shown on the diagram of pressure (p) ?s specific volume (?), it consists of four internally reversible processes: isentropic compression in a compressor (1–2), isobaric heat addition in a combustor (2–3), isentropic expansion in a turbine (3–4) and isobaric heat rejection. The cycle can be extended to include regeneration, reheating, and intercooling. （焦耳循環(huán)）一種空氣標(biāo)準(zhǔn)循環(huán)，是燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的理想循環(huán)。循環(huán)可以擴(kuò)展到包括再生、再熱和中冷。 |
| Selective heating | 局部加熱 |
Intentionally heating only certain portions of a workpiece. 有意僅加熱工件的某些部分。 |
| Depth gauge | 深度計(jì) |
1. A precision instrument, typically consisting of a machine-divided steel rule passing through a hardened-steel cross head, used to measure the depths of slots, holes, shoulders, projections, etc. 2. A device used by divers to indicate the water depth. 1. 一種精密儀器，通常由穿過(guò)硬化鋼十字頭的機(jī)器分割鋼尺組成，用于測(cè)量槽、孔、肩部、突起等的深度。 2. 潛水員用來(lái)指示深度的裝置水深。 |
| Decarburization | 脫碳 |
Loss of carbon from the surface layer of a carbon-containing alloy due to reaction with one or more chemical substances in a medium that contacts the surface. 由于與接觸表面的介質(zhì)中的一種或多種化學(xué)物質(zhì)發(fā)生反應(yīng)，含碳合金表面層的碳損失。 |
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