| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Vibrograph | 示振器 |
An instrument that records vibrations in a system over time. 記錄系統(tǒng)隨時間變化的振動的儀器。 |
| Fibreglass | 玻璃纖維 |
Fibreglass is used in studs and nuts for applications when the fastener should be non-corrosive, low in conductivity, or transparent to electromagnetic waves. 當緊固件應無腐蝕性、低導電性或?qū)﹄姶挪ㄍ该鲿r，玻璃纖維用于螺柱和螺母中。 |
| Standard deviation (σ) | 標準偏差（σ） |
A statistical term used to quantify the Scatter in a set of data points. If the standard deviation is small, most of the data points are ‘‘nearly equal.’’ A large deviation means less agreement. The most usual measure of the dispersion of observed values or results expressed as the positive square root of the variance. The square root of variance, a measure of the spread of data about the mean value. 用于量化一組數(shù)據(jù)點中分散度的統(tǒng)計術(shù)語。如果標準偏差很小，則大多數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)點“幾乎相等”大的偏差意味著更少的一致性。觀測值或結(jié)果離散度的最常用度量，表示為方差的正平方根。方差的平方根，衡量平均值的數(shù)據(jù)分布。 |
| Cleavage fracture | 解理斷裂 |
A fracture, usually of a polycrystalline metal, in which most of the grains have failed by cleavage, resulting in bright reflecting facets. It is one type of crystalline fracture and is associated with low energy brittle fracture. Contrast with shear fracture. A fracture created by splitting (cleavage), as between layers in materials like slate or mica. In brittle metals, and brittle? microconstituents in alloys, cleavage occurs along particular crystal planes. 一種通過分裂（劈裂）產(chǎn)生的裂縫斷裂，通常是多晶金屬的斷裂，其中大部分晶粒因解理而失效，產(chǎn)生明亮的反射面。它是一種結(jié)晶性斷裂，與低能脆性斷裂有關。與剪切斷裂相對。如板巖或云母等材料的層之間。在脆性金屬和合金中的脆性微量成分中，沿特定晶面發(fā)生解理。 |
| Flange bolt | 法蘭螺栓 |
A bolt with a built in washer-like flange just below the head. 在頭部下方帶有內(nèi)置墊圈狀法蘭的螺栓。 |
| Waviness | 波紋度 |
Waviness is periodic deviations from geometric surface, often sinusoidal in form and often determined by low-level oscillations of the machine-tool-workpiece system during machining. Typically, wavelengths range from 1 to 10 mm (0.04 to 0.4 in.) and wave heights from a few to several hundred micrometers. 波紋度是與幾何表面的周期性偏差，其形式通常是正弦的，通常由機床-工件系統(tǒng)在加工過程中的低水平振蕩決定。通常，波長范圍為1至10毫米（0.04至0.4英寸），波高范圍為幾微米至幾百微米。 |
| Ferritizing anneal | 鐵素體化退火 |
A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile (nodular) iron to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to be meaningful, the final microstructure desired or the time-temperature cycle used must be specified. 給予鑄態(tài)灰鐵或球墨鑄鐵以產(chǎn)生基本鐵素體基體的處理。為了使該術(shù)語有意義，必須指定所需的最終微觀結(jié)構(gòu)或使用的時間-溫度循環(huán)。 |
| Blue annealing | 藍色退火 |
Heating hot-rolled ferrous sheet in an open furnace to a temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in air, in order to soften the metal. The formation of a bluish oxide on the surface is incidental. 在開放式爐中將熱軋鐵板加熱到轉(zhuǎn)變范圍內(nèi)的溫度，然后在空氣中冷卻，以軟化金屬。在表面上形成藍色氧化物是偶然的。 |
| Stress relieving | 應力消除 |
Heating to a suitable temperature, holding long enough to reduce residual stresses, and then cooling slowly enough to minimize the development of new residual stresses. 加熱到合適的溫度，保持足夠長的時間以減少殘余應力，然后緩慢冷卻以盡量減少新殘余應力的產(chǎn)生。 |
| Impact strength 1. (Unit Pa) | 沖擊強度1.（單位Pa） |
The stress to cause failure (by yielding or fracture) under conditions of high strain rate. 2. (Unit J) A term sometimes used to describe the energy required to fracture a specimen in a Charpy or Izod impact test even though the unit is not that of strength. 在高應變率條件下導致失效（通過屈服或斷裂）的應力。2.（單位J）有時用于描述在夏比或懸臂梁式?jīng)_擊試驗中使樣品斷裂所需的能量，即使單位不是強度單位。 |
| Equation, short form | 方程式，簡寫形式 |
An empirical equation which relates the torque applied to the bolt to the preload created in it, and which depends mainly on an experimentally derived factor called the Nut factor. 一個經(jīng)驗公式，將施加在螺栓上的扭矩與螺栓中產(chǎn)生的預載荷聯(lián)系起來，主要取決于一個稱為螺母系數(shù)的實驗得出的系數(shù)。 |
| Blank carburizing | 毛坯滲碳 |
Simulating the carburizing operation without introducing carbon. This is usually accomplished by using an inert material in place of the carburizing agent, or by applying a suitable protective coating to the ferrous alloy. 在不引入碳的情況下模擬滲碳操作。這通常通過使用惰性材料代替滲碳劑或通過在鐵合金上施加合適的保護涂層來實現(xiàn)。 |
| Columnar structure | 柱狀結(jié)構(gòu) |
A coarse structure of parallel elongated grains formed by unidirectional growth, most often observed in castings, but sometimes in structures resulting from diffusional growth accompanied by a solid-state transformation. 由單向生長形成的平行細長晶粒的粗略結(jié)構(gòu)，最常見于鑄件中，但有時也出現(xiàn)在伴隨固態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變的擴散生長產(chǎn)生的結(jié)構(gòu)中。 |
| Compressed liquid | 壓縮液體 |
A liquid subjected to a pressure greater than the saturation pressure corresponding to its temperature. 承受大于與其溫度對應的飽和壓力的壓力的液體。 |
| Cementite | 滲碳體 |
A compound of iron and carbon, known chemically as iron carbide and having the approximate chemical formula Fe3C. It is characterized by an orthorhombic crystal structure. When it occurs as a phase in steel, the chemical composition will be altered by the presence of manganese and other carbide-forming elements. 碳化鐵一種鐵和碳的化合物，化學上稱為碳化鐵，化學式近似為Fe3C。其特征在于正交晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。當它在鋼中以相形式出現(xiàn)時，錳和其他碳化物形成元素的存在將改變其化學成分。 |
| Energy losses (Unit kJ) | 能量損失（單位kJ） |
A commonly-used misnomer in view of the conservation-ofenergy principle, but used to mean energy converted into forms that are not used in a process, for example thermal energy from a heat engine dissipated to the surroundings, or produced by friction in a machine, or by surface drag. 從能量守恒原理來看，這是一個常用的術(shù)語錯誤，但可以用于表示轉(zhuǎn)換為過程中未使用的形式的能量，例如，從熱機散發(fā)到周圍環(huán)境的熱能，或由機器中的摩擦或表面阻力產(chǎn)生的熱能。 |
| Bucket | 吊桶 |
1. A cup-shaped vane with a central dividing ridge attached to the periphery of the runner of an impulse water turbine such as a Pelton turbine. 2. A rotor blade in a compressor or turbine. 1.一種杯形葉片，所述杯形葉片具有附接到?jīng)_擊式水輪機（例如沖擊式水輪機臺）的轉(zhuǎn)輪的外圍的中央分隔脊。2.壓縮機或渦輪機中的轉(zhuǎn)子葉片。 |
| Transmissibility | 傳遞率 |
The ratio of the transmitted force to the disturbing force for a system subjected to a vibratory disturbance. The ratio may also be defined in terms of displacements, velocities, or accelerations. 受到振動干擾的系統(tǒng)的傳遞力與干擾力之比。該比率也可以用位移、速度或加速度來定義。 |
| Wave spring | 波形彈簧 |
A type of compression spring, similar to a coil spring, but made of strip shaped into waves around the circumference. 一種壓縮彈簧，類似于螺旋彈簧，但由沿圓周成波浪形的條狀物制成。 |
| Laser hardening | 激光硬化 |
A surface-hardening process which uses a laser to quickly heat a surface. Heat conduction into the interior of the part will quickly cool the surface, leaving a shallow martensitic layer. Hardening of steel by a moving CO2?or Nd:YAG laser beam focussed down to a few mm in diameter. A point in the surface of an object is rapidly heated into the austenite range and then rapidly cooled to form tempered martensite. 一種使用激光快速加熱表面的表面硬化工藝。進入零件內(nèi)部的熱傳導將快速冷卻表面，留下淺馬氏體層。通過移動CO2或Nd:YAG激光束使鋼硬化，激光束聚焦至直徑幾毫米。物體表面的一點迅速加熱到奧氏體范圍，然后迅速冷卻，形成回火馬氏體。 |
| Ratchet coupling | 棘輪聯(lián)軸器 |
A joint employing a ratchet system between two shafts, so that not only does the driven shaft run in one direction only, but also the driven shaft can, if necessary, run more quickly than the driving shaft. 在兩個軸之間采用棘輪系統(tǒng)的接頭，這樣不僅從動軸只能在一個方向上運行，而且在必要時，從動軸可以比驅(qū)動軸運行得更快。 |
| Residual strength (Unit N) | 剩余強度（單位：N） |
The strength of a damaged body containing defects induced by microcracking, thermal shock, etc. 包含由微裂紋、熱沖擊等引起的缺陷的受損體的強度。 |
| Pressure rating (Unit Pa or bar) | 額定壓力（單位Pa或bar） |
The internal pressure at which a pressure vessel, boiler, tank, piping, etc. is designed to operate safely. 壓力容器、鍋爐、儲罐、管道等設計用于安全運行的內(nèi)部壓力。 |
| Hardness | 硬度 |
A measure of the resistance of a material to surface indentation or abrasion; may be thought of as a function of the stress required to produce some specified type of surface deformation. There is no absolute scale for hardness; therefore, to express hardness quantitatively, each type of test has its own scale of arbitrarily defined hardness. Indentation hardness can be measured by Brinell hardness test, Rockwell hardness test, Vickers hardness test, Knoop hardness test, and the Scleroscope hardness test. The ability of a ductile material to resist permanent deformation. It is a measure of plastic flow properties determined principally by indentation testing, but scratch hardness and rebound hardness are also employed. hardness scales The different measures of hardness given by different tests, such as indentation pressure in the Brinell and in the Vickers hardness tests, and the different Rockwell hardness numbers. 測量材料對表面壓痕或磨損的阻力；可以認為是產(chǎn)生某些特定類型的表面變形所需的應力的函數(shù)。硬度沒有絕對刻度，因此為了定量表示硬度，每種類型的試驗都有自己的任意定義硬度等級。壓痕硬度可通過布氏硬度試驗、洛氏硬度試驗，維氏硬度試驗和努氏硬度試驗以及硬化鏡硬度試驗進行測量。延展性材料具有抵抗永久變形的能力，它是主要通過壓痕測試確定的塑性流動性能的量度，也使用劃痕硬度和回彈硬度。硬度標度不同試驗給出的不同硬度測量值，如布氏硬度試驗和維氏硬度試驗中的壓痕壓力，以及不同的洛氏硬度值。 |
| Wind pressure (Unit Pa) | 風壓（單位Pa） |
The dynamic pressure associated with the wind. The static pressure of the wind is the atmospheric pressure. 與風相關的動態(tài)壓力。風的靜壓是大氣壓。 |
| Turbo generator | 渦輪發(fā)電機 |
(turboset) The combination of a steam or gas turbine and an electrical generator with a single shaft or connected coaxial shafts. （汽輪發(fā)電機組）蒸汽或燃氣輪機與發(fā)電機的組合，具有單軸或連接的同軸。 |
| Spring | 彈簧 |
An elastic component which stores mechanical energy and exerts a force when deformed. The slope of the curve of applied force F to the deflexion of a spring x, dF/dx, is termed the spring rate or spring modulus k with unit N/m. For a linear spring, the F(x) curve is proportional and k is called the spring constant. An elastic device which yields under stress or pressure but returns to its original state or position when the stress or pressure is removed. 儲存機械能并在變形時施加力的彈性部件。作用力F與彈簧x偏轉(zhuǎn)的曲線斜率dF/dx稱為彈簧率或彈簧模量k，單位為N/m。對于線性彈簧，F(xiàn)（x）曲線成比例，k稱為彈簧常數(shù)。一種彈性裝置，在應力或壓力下屈服，但在應力和壓力消除后恢復到其原始狀態(tài)或位置。 |
| Pascal (Pa) | 帕斯卡（Pa） |
The SI unit of pressure, 1 Pa = 1 N/m2. 壓力的國際單位制，1Pa=1N/m2。 |
| Brake fluid | 制動液 |
The hydraulic fluid used to transmit force to the pistons in disc brakes or the wheel cylinders in drum brakes. Requirements include a high boiling point and low hygroscopy. 用于將力傳遞到盤式制動器中的活塞或鼓式制動器中的輪缸的液壓油。要求包括高沸點和低吸濕性。 |
| Absolute pressure | 絕對壓力 |
1. The pressure measured relative to zero pressure (vacuum). 2. Gage pressure plus barometric pressure in the same units. 1.相對于零壓力（真空）測量的壓力。2.表壓加上大氣壓力的單位相同。 |
| Grub screw | 平頭螺絲 |
A short headless screw with a recess at one end to receive a screw driver or key. 一種短的無頭螺釘，一端有一個凹槽，用于安裝螺絲刀或鑰匙。 |
| Compressive stress | 壓縮應力 |
A stress that causes an elastic body to deform (shorten) in the direction of the applied load. Contrast with tensile stress. 使彈性體沿施加載荷方向變形（縮短）的應力。與拉應力對比。 |
| Thread milling | 螺紋銑削 |
Thread milling is a method of cutting screw threads with a milling cutter in a thread mill. Thread milling cutters are either single form or multiple form and are used in either conventional or planetary thread mills. 螺紋銑削是在螺紋銑刀中用銑刀切削螺紋的一種方法。螺紋銑刀為單形或多形，用于傳統(tǒng)或行星式螺紋銑刀。 |
| Load | 負載 |
For testing machines, a force applied to a test piece that is measured in units such as pound-force, newton, or kilogram-force. 對于試驗機，施加在試件上的力，以磅力、牛頓或千克力等單位測量。 |
| Absolute manometer | 絕對壓力計 |
A manometer that measures absolute pressure, i.e. pressure measured relative to a perfect vacuum. Absolute pressure cannot be negative. 測量絕對壓力的壓力計，即相對于完美真空測量的壓力。絕對壓力不能為負。 |
| International System of Units | 國際單位制 |
(SI system of units, Le Système international d’unités) The standard system of units now used almost universally in science and engineering except in the United States. The definitive reference on the SI is a booklet published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, often referred to as the BIPM SI Brochure. There are seven base units: metre (symbol m) for length; kilogram (kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux.? Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm2, MN/m2 being preferred.(kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux.? Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm2, MN/m2 being preferred. （國際單位制，Le Système international d\\\'unités）目前美國除外，在科學和工程中幾乎是普遍使用的標準單位制。SI的最終參考是國際度量衡局出版的小冊子，通常稱為BIPM SI小冊子。有七個基本單位：米（符號m）表示長度；質(zhì)量為千克（kg）；物質(zhì)量的摩爾（mol）；時間為秒；開爾文（K）表示溫度；電流為安培（A）；而坎德拉（cd）表示發(fā)光強度。新的國際單位制定義于2019年5月20日生效，該定義基于自然界的普遍常數(shù)（也稱為基本物理常數(shù)：阿伏伽德羅常數(shù)、玻爾茲曼常數(shù)和普朗克常數(shù)）。這些常數(shù)的值也進行了少量調(diào)整。除了基本單位外，還有22個相干導出單位，包括平面角的弧度（rad）、立體角的斯特拉迪安（sr）、頻率的赫茲（Hz）、力的牛頓（N）、壓力的帕斯卡（Pa）、能量、功和熱量的焦耳（J）以及功率和輻射通量的瓦特（W）。建議的做法是避免N/mm2、MN/m2等組合。 |
| Hydraulics | 液壓系統(tǒng) |
The study of water flow in open channels (including canals, rivers, etc.), water-supply, drainage, and irrigation systems. 研究明渠（包括運河、河流等）、供水、排水和灌溉系統(tǒng)中的水流。 |
| Thread form | 螺紋形式 |
The cross-sectional shape of the threads, defining thread angle, root, and crest profiles, etc. Thread length Length of that portion of the fastener which contains threads cut or rolled to full depth. 螺紋的橫截面形狀，定義螺紋角度、齒根和齒冠輪廓等。螺紋長度：緊固件中包含全深度切割或軋制螺紋的部分的長度。 |
| Angle of friction | 摩擦角 |
(friction angle, β) (Unit °) For a body in contact with a plane surface, the angle between the normal to the surface and the resultant force between the body and the surface. If the friction force is F and normal force is N, β is given by F/N = μ = tan β where μ is the coefficient of friction. （摩擦角，β）（單位°）對于與平面接觸的物體，表面法線與物體與表面之間的合力之間的夾角。如果摩擦力為F，法向力為N，則β由F/N=μ=tanβ給出，其中μ是摩擦系數(shù)。 |
| Closed-die forging | 閉模鍛造 |
The forming of a workpiece by compression within a pair of dies having the female form of the component to be manufactured (closed dies), superfluous metal being expelled as flash where the dies meet. 在一對具有待制造部件的陰模的模具（閉模）內(nèi)通過壓縮形成工件，多余的金屬在模具相遇處作為飛邊排出。 |
| Forging | 鍛造處理 |
The process of forming raw steel into specified shapes. Some examples of forged products would be hex bolts, clevises, and barrier pins. 1. A method of component manufacture by hammering metal by hand or by machine (drop forge, press). 2. A part made by the process of forging. 將生鋼制成特定形狀的過程。鍛造產(chǎn)品的一些例子是六角螺栓、U形夾和障礙銷。 1. 一種通過手工或機器錘擊金屬（落鍛、壓力機）制造部件的方法。2.通過鍛造工藝制成的零件。 |
| Crest clearance (Unit m) | 頂隙（單位米） |
For screw threads and gearing, the radial clearance between the crest of a thread (or gear) and the root of the engaging thread (or gear). 對于螺紋和齒輪，螺紋（或齒輪）的頂部與嚙合螺紋（或齒輪）的根部之間的徑向間隙。 |
| Turbocharging | 渦輪增壓 |
A method of supercharging in which the hot exhaust gas from a piston engine is used to drive a turbine which powers the supercharging compressor. A turbocharger is the turbine/compressor combination. The compressor is usually of radial outflow design while radial, axial, and mixed-flow turbines are all in use. The wastegate is a valve that reduces the flow of exhaust gas into the turbine to limit the boost produced or overspeeding. Not shown in the diagram are bearings, oil passages, etc. 一種增壓方法，其中活塞發(fā)動機的熱廢氣用于驅(qū)動渦輪，渦輪為增壓壓縮機提供動力。渦輪增壓器是渦輪/壓縮機組合。壓縮機通常為徑向流出設計，而徑向、軸向和混流式渦輪機都在使用。廢氣旁通閥是一種減少進入渦輪的廢氣流量以限制產(chǎn)生的增壓或超速的閥。 |
| Fatigue life for p % survival | p%存活率的疲勞壽命 |
An estimate of the fatigue life that p% of the population would attain or exceed at a given stress level. The observed value of the median fatigue life estimates the fatigue life for 50% survival. Fatigue life for p% survival values, where p is any number, such as 95, 90, etc., may also be estimated from the individual fatigue life values. p%存活在給定應力水平下達到或超過的疲勞壽命估計值。中值疲勞壽命的觀察值估計了50%存活率的疲勞壽命。p%存活值的疲勞壽命，其中p為任何數(shù)字，如95、90等，也可根據(jù)單個疲勞壽命值進行估算。 |
| Mean stress (Unit Pa) | 平均應力（單位 Pa） |
The average of the maximum and minimum stresses for a material subjected to a stress cycle, as in a fatigue test. 承受應力循環(huán)的材料的最大和最小應力的平均值，如在疲勞試驗中。 |
| Shell hardening | 殼型硬化 |
A surface-hardening process in which a suitable steel workpiece, when heated through and quench hardened, develops a martensitic layer or shell that closely follows the contour of the piece and surrounds a core of essentially pearlitic transformation product. This result is accomplished by a proper balance among section size, steel hardenability, and severity of quench. 一種表面硬化工藝，在該工藝中，合適的鋼工件在加熱和淬火硬化后，會形成一層馬氏體層或殼，該層或殼緊隨工件的輪廓，并包圍一個基本上為珠光體相變產(chǎn)物的核心。這一結(jié)果通過截面尺寸、鋼淬透性和淬火強度之間的適當平衡來實現(xiàn)。 |
| Preload adjustments | 預載調(diào)整 |
Preloads may be applied directly by axial loading or indirectly by turning of the nut or bolt. When preload is applied by turning of nuts or bolts, a torsion load component is added to the desired axial bolt load. 預載荷可通過軸向載荷直接施加，或通過轉(zhuǎn)動螺母或螺栓間接施加。當通過轉(zhuǎn)動螺母或螺栓施加預載荷時，扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷分量被添加到所需的軸向螺栓載荷中。 |
| Toughening mechanisms | 增韌機理 |
Various methods of increasing the resistance to crack initiation and propagation in materials. They include transformation toughening, in which the microstructure around the crack tip alters so as to slow down or arrest cracks; deflexion of cracks; various ways of de-sharpening crack tips; fibre bridging of cracks; and fibre pull-out. 增加材料中裂紋萌生和擴展阻力的各種方法。它們包括相變增韌，其中裂紋尖端周圍的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化，以減緩或阻止裂紋；裂紋偏轉(zhuǎn)；消除裂紋尖端銳化的各種方法；纖維橋接裂紋；和纖維拉出。 |
| Mohs scale | 莫氏硬度 |
A scale of scratch hardness originally developed for minerals. 最初為礦物開發(fā)的劃痕硬度標尺。 |
| Socket head | 凹頭 |
Screw head having a hexagonal or other form of recessed socket in the head so that the screw can be turned with a wrench or key, as a hexagon key. 螺釘頭上有六角或其他形式的凹座，可以用扳手或鑰匙（如六角鑰匙）轉(zhuǎn)動螺釘。 |
| Minimum stress (Smin) | 最小應力（Smin） |
In fatigue, the stress having the lowest algebraic value in the cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. 在疲勞中，循環(huán)中代數(shù)值最低的應力，拉應力被視為正應力，壓應力為負應力。 |
| Dead centre | 止點 |
The point at which, in a crank mechanism, the piston connecting rod and crank are all in line so that there can be no driving moment. 在曲柄機構(gòu)中，活塞連桿和曲柄都在一條線上，因此不會有驅(qū)動力矩。 |
| Outside diameter (Unit m) | 外徑（單位：m） |
(external diameter, OD) The diameter of a circular cylindrical tube or a sphere measured between opposite points on the external surface. （外徑，OD）在外表面上的相對點之間測量的圓柱管或球體的直徑。 |
| Absolute rating | 絕對標稱值 |
A theoretical size designation which is an estimation of the largest particle, by length, that can pass through a filter with a specific 一個理論尺寸名稱，它是按長度估算的最大顆粒，它可以通過具有特定過濾器的過濾器 |
| Atomic volume | 原子體積 |
Volume of unit cell per atom. 每個原子的晶胞體積。 |
| British thermal unit (BTU, Btu) | 英熱單位（BTU，Btu） |
An obsolete (non-SI) imperial unit of energy defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of pure water at 68°F by 1°F. The conversion to SI is 1 Btu = 1.055 056 × 103?J. 一種已被淘汰的（非SI）英制能量單位，定義為將68°F的一磅純水的溫度升高1°F所需的能量。轉(zhuǎn)換為SI為1Btu=1.055056×103J。 |
| Dynamics | 動力學 |
The branch of mechanics that deals with objects in motion. Its two main branches are kinematics, which studies motion without regards to its cause, and kinetics, which also takes into account forces that cause motion. 力學中研究運動物體的分支。它的兩個主要分支是運動學和動力學，前者研究運動而不考慮其原因，后者也考慮引起運動的力。 |
| Bearing area | 承載面積 |
The product of the pin (or hole) diameter and specimen thickness in a bearing test. (bearing surface) (Unit m2) The projected area of a hole, such as a rivet hole, that carries a transverse load. 軸承測試中銷（或孔）直徑和試樣厚度的乘積。（承載面）（單位m2）承載橫向載荷的孔（例如鉚釘孔）的投影面積。 |
| Hardness test | 硬度測試 |
1. Any of various tests in which different hard indenters are forced into the surface of a solid under different loads to give permanent impressions, the pressure to cause which being called the hardness. The Brinell test employs a spherical indenter; the Vickers test a square-based pyramid. The relation between indentation hardness H and uniaxial yield stress Y is approximately H = (2.5 ~ 3.0)Y. Originally hardnesses were given in kg/mm2 but now are often given in Pa. 2. The tests for scratch and file hardness relate either to one material being able to mark another (Mohs hardness scale for minerals), or to the size of groove produced by a rigid indenter slid under load across a surface. 3. Rebound hardness concerns the height of rebound of a dropped indenter, or an indenter at the end of a pivoted arm, having struck a surface. 1.任何一種試驗，其中不同的硬壓頭在不同載荷下壓入固體表面，以產(chǎn)生永久壓痕，所產(chǎn)生的壓力稱為硬度。布氏試驗采用球形壓頭；維氏硬度測試是一個方形金字塔。壓痕硬度H與單軸屈服應力Y之間的關系約為H=（2.5~3.0）Y。最初硬度以kg/mm2為單位，但現(xiàn)在通常在Pa.2中給出。劃痕和銼刀硬度測試要么與一種材料能夠標記另一種材料（礦物的莫氏硬度標度）有關，要么與剛性壓頭在表面上滑動產(chǎn)生的凹槽大小有關。3.回彈硬度涉及掉落壓頭或旋轉(zhuǎn)臂端部壓頭撞擊表面后的回彈高度。 |
| Altitude chamber | 高空艙 |
(hypobaric chamber) A chamber in which conditions at different altitudes are simulated by a combination of appropriate pressures, temperatures and relative humidity. （低壓艙）通過適當?shù)膲毫?、溫度和相對濕度的組合來模擬不同高度條件的艙室。 |
| Clevis joint | U形接頭 |
A joint formed by two parallel cantilever beams pressed upon a component between the beams. 由兩個平行懸臂梁壓在梁之間的部件上形成的接頭。 |
| Freezing range | 凍融范圍 |
That temperature range between liquidus and solidus temperatures in which molten and solid constituents coexist. 熔融和固體成分共存的液相線和固相線溫度之間的溫度范圍。 |
| Direct quenching | 直接淬火 |
(1) Quenching carburized parts directly from the carburizing operation. (2) Also used for quenching pearlitic malleable parts directly from the malleablizing operation. （1） 直接從滲碳作業(yè)中淬火滲碳零件。（2） 也用于直接從可鍛操作淬火珠光體可鍛零件。 |
| Continuous-type furnace | 連續(xù)式爐 |
A furnace used for heat treating materials that progress continuously through the furnace, entering one door and being discharged from another. See belt furnac, direct-fired tunnel-type furnac, rotary retort furnace, shaker-hearth furnace. 一種用于熱處理材料的爐子，該爐子連續(xù)通過爐子，進入一個門并從另一個門排出。參見帶式高爐、直燃隧道式高爐、旋轉(zhuǎn)罐式爐、振動爐。 |
| Stress corrosion | 應力腐蝕 |
(stress-corrosion cracking) Corrosion failure accelerated by local stresses (particularly tensile) which enhance cracking in both monotonic and fatigue loading. （應力腐蝕開裂）局部應力（特別是拉伸應力）加速的腐蝕失效，該局部應力在單調(diào)載荷和疲勞載荷下都會增強開裂。 |
| Bright nitriding | 光亮氮化 |
Nitriding in a protective medium to prevent discoloration of the bright surface. 在保護介質(zhì)中氮化，以防止光亮表面變色。 |
| Secondary hardening | 二次硬化 |
The process whereby some low-alloy steels, quenched to produce martensite, produce fine precipitates when tempered above 550°C, which inhibit dislocation motion and reverse the trend towards lower strength at higher tempering temperatures. 某些低合金鋼經(jīng)淬火產(chǎn)生馬氏體，在550°C以上回火時產(chǎn)生細小沉淀的過程，這抑制了位錯運動，扭轉(zhuǎn)了在較高回火溫度下強度降低的趨勢。 |
| Thermoelectric material | 熱電材料 |
A material in which any of the thermoelectric phenomena, such as the Peltier, Seebeck, and Thomson effects, are especially strong. 一種熱電現(xiàn)象特別強烈的材料，如珀爾帖效應、塞貝克效應和湯姆森效應。 |
| Natural aging | 自然時效 |
Spontaneous aging of a supersaturated solid solution at room temperature. 過飽和固溶體在室溫下的自發(fā)時效。 |
| Clamping force | 夾緊力 |
The equal and opposite forces which exist at the interface between two joint members. The clamping force is created by tightening the bolts, but is not always equal to the combined tension in the bolts. Hole interference problems, for example, can create a difference between clamping force and bolt loads. 存在于兩個連接構(gòu)件之間的界面處的相等和相反的力。夾緊力是通過擰緊螺栓產(chǎn)生的，但并不總是等于螺栓中的組合張力。例如，孔干涉問題可能會在夾緊力和螺栓載荷之間產(chǎn)生差異。 |
| Tangent screw | 微動螺旋 |
A worm screw used to adjust measuring instruments such as sextants and vernier callipers. 用于調(diào)整六分儀和游標卡尺等測量儀器的蝸桿。 |
| Toggle (toggle clamp) | 撥動（撥動夾） |
A device consisting of two pinned levers that are almost in line between two end points in the same plane. Bringing the levers into line generates large forces between the ends. Used to obtain a large mechanical advantage or as a locking mechanism. 由兩個銷桿組成的裝置，在同一平面的兩個端點之間幾乎成一條直線。將杠桿對齊會在端部之間產(chǎn)生較大的力。用于獲得較大的機械優(yōu)勢或用作鎖定機構(gòu)。 |
| Velocity ratio | 速度比 |
1. The ratio between the input velocity to a machine, train of gears, etc. and the output velocity. 2. The ratio between the displacement of an applied force at one part of a mechanism and the movement of the load at a different part. 1.機器、齒輪系等的輸入速度與輸出速度之間的比率。2.在機構(gòu)的一個部分處施加的力的位移與在不同部分處的載荷的移動之間的比率。 |
| Dynamic load rating (Unit N) | 額定動載荷（單位N） |
The allowable load on a component or structure when the loading is not static. 當負載不是靜態(tài)時，組件或結(jié)構(gòu)上的允許負載。 |
| Positive-displacement compressor | 容積式壓縮機 |
Any type of compressor, including piston and rotary-screw types, that delivers a fixed volume of gas at high pressure per unit time. A positive-displacement pump delivers a fixed volume of fluid, usually a liquid, per unit time. 任何類型的壓縮機，包括活塞式和旋轉(zhuǎn)螺桿式，在單位時間內(nèi)以高壓輸送固定體積的氣體。容積泵每單位時間輸送固定體積的流體，通常為液體。 |
| Statistic | 統(tǒng)計 |
A summary value calculated from the observed values in a sample. 根據(jù)樣本中的觀察值計算得出的匯總值。 |
| Condenser | 冷凝器 |
A heat exchanger in which a substance is changed from its vapour phase to its liquid phase by reducing its temperature to below the saturation temperature. 一種熱交換器，通過將物質(zhì)的溫度降低到飽和溫度以下，將其從氣相變?yōu)橐合唷?/td> |
| Regenerative pump | 渦流泵 |
?(regenerative turbine pump, peripheral pump) A pump with a double-sided impeller having a large number of radial blades. The pressure of the pumped liquid increases progressively over several revolutions of the impeller. It is? particularly suited to producing large heads at small flow rates without cavitation. （再生渦輪泵，外圍泵）具有具有大量徑向葉片的雙面葉輪的泵。泵送液體的壓力在葉輪的幾圈內(nèi)逐漸增加。它特別適合于在小流速下產(chǎn)生大水頭且不產(chǎn)生氣穴。 |
| Sampling | 抽樣 |
The process of measuring a series of values of a time-varying quantity. 測量一系列時變量值的過程。 |
| Elastic interactions | 彈性相互作用 |
When a bolt is tightened it partially compresses the joint members ‘‘in its own neighborhood.’’ When nearby bolts are tightened later, they further compress the joint in this region. This allows the first bolt to relax a little (lose a little preload). Tightening bolts on the opposite side of the joint, however, might increase preload in some of the earlier bolts tightened on the near side. These shifts and changes in the elastic energy stored in individual bolts, during assembly, are called elastic interactions. 當螺栓擰緊時，它會“在其自身附近”部分壓縮接頭構(gòu)件稍后擰緊附近的螺栓時，進一步壓縮該區(qū)域的接頭。這允許第一個螺栓稍微松弛（失去一點預載）。但擰緊接頭另一側(cè)的螺栓可能會增加早期在近側(cè)擰緊的一些螺栓的預載。在裝配過程中，儲存在單個螺栓中的彈性能量的這些位移和變化稱為彈性相互作用。 |
| Elastic calibration device | 彈性校準裝置 |
A device for use in verifying the load readings of a testing machine consisting of an elastic member(s) to which loads may be applied, combined with a mechanism or device for indicating the magnitude (or a quantity proportional to the magnitude) of deformation under load. 一種用于驗證試驗機載荷讀數(shù)的裝置，由可施加載荷的彈性構(gòu)件組成，與指示載荷下變形量（或與該量成比例的量）的機構(gòu)或裝置相結(jié)合。 |
| Uniform elongation | 均勻伸長 |
The elongation at maximum load and immediately preceding the onset of necking in a tension test. 在拉伸試驗中，在最大載荷下和頸縮開始之前的伸長率。 |
| Crystalline fracture | 結(jié)晶斷裂 |
A pattern of brightly reflecting crystal facets on the fracture surface of a polycrystalline metal, resulting from cleavage fracture of many individual crystals. 多晶金屬斷裂面上明亮反射的晶面圖案，由許多單個晶體的解理斷裂產(chǎn)生。 |
| Screw feeder | 螺旋給料機 |
A mechanism for handling bulk materials in which a rotating helicoidal screw moves the material axially forward. Similar to a screw conveyor, but required to discharge material at a controlled rate very accurately. It operates with the screw completely full. 一種用于處理散裝物料的機構(gòu)，其中旋轉(zhuǎn)的螺旋螺桿使物料軸向向前移動。類似于螺旋輸送機，但需要以受控速率非常精確地排出物料。它在螺桿完全充滿的情況下運行。 |
| Maximum load (Pmax) | 最大負載（Pmax） |
(1) The load having the highest algebraic value in the load cycle. Tensile loads are considered positive and compressive loads negative. (2)Used to determine the strength of a structural member; the load that can be borne before failure is apparent. （1）負載循環(huán)中具有最高代數(shù)值的負載。拉伸荷載視為正荷載，壓縮荷載視為負荷載。（2）用于確定結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的強度；失效前可承受的載荷是明顯的。 |
| Mechanical efficiency (η) | 機械效率（η） |
1. In general for a machine, the ratio of output work to input work. 2. For a compressor, the ratio of indicated power to shaft power; for a reciprocating engine or an expander, the ratio of shaft power to indicated power. 1.一般而言，機器的輸出功與輸入功之比。2.對于壓縮機，指示功率與軸功率之比；對于往復式發(fā)動機或膨脹機，軸功率與指示功率之比。 |
| Steady loads | 穩(wěn)定負載 |
Loads that do not change in intensity or that change so slowly they may be regarded as steady. 強度不變或變化緩慢的荷載可視為穩(wěn)定荷載。 |
| Coupling | 耦合 |
A detachable mechanism forming a joint. A connector of two components of a joint. 1. Any mechanical fastening connecting two or more shafts, or parts of a mechanism, in order to transmit power. 2. A device for connecting two vehicles. 一種形成關節(jié)的可拆卸機構(gòu)。關節(jié)的兩個組件的連接器。1.連接兩個或多個軸或機構(gòu)部件的任何機械緊固件，以傳遞動力。2.連接兩輛車的裝置。 |
| Guided-bend test | 導向彎曲試驗 |
A test in which the specimen is bent to a definite shape by means of a punch (mandrel) and a bottom block. 用沖頭（心軸）和底塊將試樣彎曲成一定形狀的試驗。 |
| Taper pins | 圓錐銷 |
A pin or peg of circular cross section that tapers along its length. Steel pins used for locating and holding the machine parts in position on a shaft. 沿其長度逐漸變細的圓形橫截面的銷釘或銷釘。用于在軸上定位和固定機器零件的鋼銷。 |
| Ratchet marks | 棘輪痕 |
Lines on a fatigue fracture surface that result from the intersection and connection of fatigue fractures propagating from multiple origins. Ratchet marks are parallel to the overall direction of crack propagation and are visible to the unaided eye or at low magnification. 疲勞斷裂面上由從多個源頭傳播的疲勞斷裂的交叉和連接產(chǎn)生的線。棘輪標記與裂紋擴展的整個方向平行，肉眼或低倍鏡下均可看到。 |
| Pop rivet | 拉釘 |
A hollow rivet that enables a connexion to be made from one side only of an assembly. 一種空心鉚釘，使連接只能從組件的一側(cè)進行。 |
| Flame annealing | 火焰退火 |
Annealing in which the heat is applied directly by a flame. 通過火焰直接加熱的退火。 |
| Noble metals | 貴金屬 |
Metallic elements from periods (rows) 5 and 6 of the periodic table, namely ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold. They resist corrosion and oxidation and are used for electrical contacts, thin-film circuits, and electroplating. Gold, silver, and platinum used for jewellery are also known as precious metals. They have face-centred cubic crystal structure and good ductility. 周期表第5和第6周期（行）中的金屬元素，即釕、銠、鈀、銀、鋨、銥、鉑和金。它們抗腐蝕和氧化，用于電觸點、薄膜電路和電鍍。用于珠寶的金、銀和鉑也被稱為貴金屬。它們具有面心立方晶體結(jié)構(gòu)和良好的延展性。 |
| Thread insert | 螺紋嵌件 |
(threaded bushing) Either a thin cylinder with an internal thread (and sometimes also an external thread) or a helical coil of wire, pressed or screwed into a hole to accept a bolt or screw. Used in material too soft or a component too thin to be threaded, to change one form of thread to another or to repair a damaged thread. （螺紋襯套）一種帶有內(nèi)螺紋（有時也有外螺紋）的薄圓柱體或螺旋形線圈，壓入或擰入孔中以接受螺栓或螺釘。用于材料太軟或部件太薄而無法螺紋連接，用于將一種形式的螺紋更換為另一種形式或修復損壞的螺紋。 |
| mechanical engineering | 機械工業(yè) |
That branch of engineering concerned with energy conversion, stress analysis, vibration, dynamics, and kinematics, especially applied to design (machine design, mechanical-engineering design). 與能量轉(zhuǎn)換、應力分析、振動、動力學和運動學有關的工程分支，尤其適用于設計（機器設計、機械工程設計）。 |
| Computational domain | 計算域 |
In CFD, FEM, and other numerical methods, the area or volume within which calculations are performed and on the periphery of which the boundary conditions are specified. 在CFD、FEM和其他數(shù)值方法中，執(zhí)行計算的區(qū)域或體積以及在其外圍指定邊界條件的區(qū)域或體積。 |
| Stud | 螺柱 |
A rod having thread on both ends. A headless threaded fastener, threaded on both ends, with an unthreaded body in the middle section, or threaded from end to end. Used with two nuts, or with one nut and a tapped hole. A plain cylindrical piece having a threaded portion of suitable length at each end or a continuous thread over the entire length. One end is screwed into a machine or workpiece after which a second part is placed over the stud and held in place by a nut. 兩端都有螺紋的桿。無頭螺紋緊固件，兩端有螺紋，中間部分有無螺紋主體，或從一端到另一端有螺紋。與兩個螺母或一個螺母和一個螺紋孔一起使用。一種普通的圓柱形部件，其兩端具有適當長度的螺紋部分，或在整個長度上具有連續(xù)螺紋。一端擰入機器或工件，然后將第二部分放在螺柱上，并用螺母固定到位。 |
| Toughness (Unit J/m2) | 韌性（單位：J/m2） |
The ability of a metal to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing. 1. The ability of a material to resist crack initiation and propagation. 2. The ability of a material to absorb strain energy without fracturing. 金屬在破裂前吸收能量和塑性變形的能力。1.材料抵抗裂紋萌生和擴展的能力。2.材料在不發(fā)生斷裂的情況下吸收應變能的能力。 |
| Congruent melting point (Unit K) | 全等熔點（單位K） |
congruent melting point (Unit K) The temperature at which a solid substance at a specified pressure changes phase to a liquid of identical composition. 一致的熔點（單位K）固體物質(zhì)在特定壓力下相變?yōu)榫哂邢嗤煞值囊后w時的溫度。 |
| Oxidation | 氧化 |
(1) A reaction in which there is an increase in valence resulting from a loss of electrons. (2) A corrosion reaction in which the corroded metal forms an oxide; usually applied to reaction with a gas containing elemental oxygen, such as air. （1）因電子損失而導致價態(tài)增加的反應。（2）腐蝕反應，其中被腐蝕的金屬形成氧化物；通常用于與含有元素氧的氣體如空氣反應。 |
| Structural frame | 結(jié)構(gòu)框架 |
The underlying load-bearing framework of beams, columns, bracing, etc., of steel, concrete, brick, stone, timber etc., required to support the static and dynamic forces a building or component is subjected to, including its weight and that of its contents. 由鋼、混凝土、磚、石、木材等制成的梁、柱、支撐等構(gòu)成的底層承重框架，用于支撐建筑物或構(gòu)件承受的靜態(tài)和動態(tài)力，包括其重量及其內(nèi)含物的重量。 |
| Deposit gauge | 沉積量計 |
(deposition gauge) An instrument employed in air pollution studies for measuring the amount of pollutant deposited on a given area in a given time under given conditions. （沉降計）在空氣污染研究中使用的儀器，用于測量在給定條件下在給定時間內(nèi)沉積在給定區(qū)域上的污染物量。 |
| Temporal decomposition | 時間分解 |
The splitting of a control problem into parts with relatively short and long time constant so that different controllers may be used for the different parts. 將控制問題分解為具有相對較短和較長時間常數(shù)的部分，以便不同的部分可以使用不同的控制器。 |
| Cyaniding | 氰化 |
A case-hardening process in which a ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation range in a molten salt containing cyanide to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen at the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Quench hardening completes the process. 一種表面硬化工藝，將含鐵材料在含氰化物的熔融鹽中加熱至低于較低轉(zhuǎn)變范圍，使其表面同時吸收碳和氮，并通過擴散形成濃度梯度。淬火硬化完成該過程。 |
| Ablation cooling | 燒蝕冷卻 |
The cooling of a surface exposed to very high external gas temperature which causes the surface material to sublime, melt or decompose. The chemical process absorbs heat while the mass flow of material away from the surface blocks the heat flux from the hot gas. 冷卻暴露于非常高的外部氣體溫度的表面，導致表面材料升華、熔化或分解。化學過程吸收熱量，而遠離表面的物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量流阻擋了來自熱氣體的熱通量。 |
| Fatigue | 疲勞 |
The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating stresses having a maximum value less than the ultimate tensile strength of the material. Fatigue failure generally occurs at loads that, applied statically, would produce little perceptible effect. Fatigue fractures are progressive, beginning as minute cracks that grow under the action of the fluctuating stress. A term referring, in components and structures subjected to either random or cyclic periodically-varying loads, to a progressive reduction in strength leading to failure at stresses lower than those that cause failure under monotonic loading. Variable loads arise from outof-balance machinery and other vibration sources, wind gusts, etc., and a large proportion of service failures is caused by fatigue. Fatigue results from the initiation and slow propagation of cracks. In manufactured components, crack initiation usually occurs at a point of stress concentration. After a period, often of millions of stress cycles, the crack reaches a critical length at which the next peak load causes sudden brittle or ductile fracture. Fracture surfaces resulting from fatigue display characteristic striations or progression marks emanating from the crack initiation site during the slow crack growth period, with a different surface appearance for the final fracture. 在最大值小于材料極限抗拉強度的重復或波動應力下導致斷裂的現(xiàn)象。疲勞失效通常發(fā)生在靜態(tài)施加的載荷下，不會產(chǎn)生明顯影響。疲勞斷裂是漸進性的，從在波動應力作用下生長的微小裂紋開始。在承受隨機或周期性變化載荷的部件和結(jié)構(gòu)中，指強度逐漸降低，導致在低于單調(diào)載荷下導致失效的應力下發(fā)生失效的術(shù)語。可變負載由失衡的機械和其他振動源、陣風等引起，大部分故障是由疲勞引起的。疲勞是裂紋萌生和緩慢擴展的結(jié)果。在制造部件中，裂紋萌生通常發(fā)生在應力集中點。在一段時間（通常是數(shù)百萬次應力循環(huán)）后，裂紋達到臨界長度，此時下一個峰值載荷會導致突然脆性或韌性斷裂。疲勞產(chǎn)生的斷裂表面在緩慢裂紋擴展期間顯示出從裂紋萌生部位發(fā)出的特征條紋或進展標記，最終斷裂的表面外觀不同。 |
| Nut | 螺母 |
A metal fastener of square, hexagon or other shape, having an internal thread which screws onto a bolt, stud or arbor. An internally-threaded fastener used with externally-threaded bolts. Usually hexagonal in shape but there is a multitude of other geometries, such as square, for special purposes and different gripping tools. 一種方形、六角形或其他形狀的金屬緊固件，具有內(nèi)螺紋，可擰在螺栓、螺柱或心軸上。與外螺紋螺栓一起使用的內(nèi)螺紋緊固件。通常為六邊形，但也有許多其他幾何形狀，如方形，用于特殊用途和不同的夾持工具。 |
| Pascal’s law | 帕斯卡定律 |
When there is a change in pressure at any point in a confined fluid at rest, there is an equal change at every other point in the fluid volume. 當處于靜止狀態(tài)的受限流體中任何一點的壓力發(fā)生變化時，流體體積中的每一點的變化都相等。 |
| Offset yield strength | 條件屈服強度 |
The stress at which the strain exceeds by a specified amount (the offset) an extension of the initial proportional portion of the stress-strain curve. Expressed in force per unit area. 應變超過應力-應變曲線初始比例部分延伸規(guī)定量（偏移）的應力。以每單位面積的力表示。 |
| Ductility | 延展性 |
The ability of a material to deform plastically before fracturing. Measured by elongation or reduction in area in a tensile test, by height of cupping in a cupping test, or by the radius or angle of bend in a bend test. 材料在斷裂前發(fā)生塑性變形的能力。通過拉伸試驗中的伸長率或面積減少量、杯突試驗中的杯突高度或彎曲試驗中的彎曲半徑或角度來測量。 |
| Testing machine (load-measuring type) | 試驗機（負載測量型） |
A mechanical device for applying a load (force) to a specimen. 向試樣施加載荷（力）的機械裝置。 |
| Residual preload | 殘余預載荷 |
The tension which remains in an unloaded bolted joint after Relaxation. 松弛后未加載螺栓連接中保持的張力。 |
| Stress difference (Unit Pa) | 應力差（單位Pa） |
The algebraic difference between the largest and least principal stresses in a loaded body, equal to twice the greatest shear stress in the system. For σ1 > σ2 > σ3, it is given by (σ1 ? σ3). 載荷體中最大和最小主應力之間的代數(shù)差，等于系統(tǒng)中最大剪應力的兩倍。由（σ1? σ3).，可得σ1＞σ2＞σ3。 |
| Torque (T) (Unit N.m) | 扭矩（T）（單位：N.m） |
The twisting moment, product of force and wrench length, applied to a nut or bolt (for example). The twisting moment of a force or couple about an axis which results in torsion. 施加在螺母或螺栓（例如）上的扭矩，是力和扳手長度的乘積。力或力偶繞軸產(chǎn)生扭轉(zhuǎn)的力矩。 |
| Slip band | 滑帶 |
A group of parallel slip lines so closely spaced as to appear as a single line when observed under an optical microscope. 一組平行滑移線，間距如此之近，以至于在光學顯微鏡下觀察時顯示為一條直線。 |
| Design load (Unit N) | 設計荷載（單位N） |
The greatest load that a component or structure is expected to experience under normal operating conditions. 部件或結(jié)構(gòu)在正常運行條件下預期承受的最大負載。 |
| Alloy steels | 合金鋼 |
Steels that contain alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, manganese, silicon, tungsten, and vanadium. These are added to improve properties such as the hardenability, toughness, strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance compared with those of plain-carbon steel. Low-alloy steels have a total alloy content (including carbon) of less than about 8%. They are hardenable and have strength up to 30% higher than plain-carbon steels. High-alloy steels contain considerably more alloy content and are developed for specific properties such as superior corrosion and chemical resistance. 含有鉻、鎳、鉬、錳、硅、鎢和釩等合金元素的鋼。添加這些是為了提高與普通碳鋼相比的淬透性、韌性、強度、耐磨性和耐腐蝕性等性能。低合金鋼的總合金含量（包括碳）小于約8%。它們是可硬化的，強度比普通碳鋼高出30%。高合金鋼含有相當多的合金含量，并針對特定性能而開發(fā)，例如卓越的耐腐蝕性和耐化學性。 |
| Ausforming | 形變熱處理 |
Thermomechanical treatment of steel in the metastable austenitic condition below the recrystallization temperature followed by quenching to obtain martensite and/or bainite. 在低于再結(jié)晶溫度的亞穩(wěn)態(tài)奧氏體條件下對鋼進行熱機械處理，然后淬火以獲得馬氏體和/或貝氏體。 |
| Strain energy | 應變能 |
A measure of the energy absorption characteristics of a material determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain diagram. 通過測量應力-應變圖下的面積確定的材料能量吸收特性的度量。 |
| Wrist | 腕關節(jié) |
The final three joints on a robot which simulate rotations provided by the human wrist and thus allow orientation of the end effector to which it is attached by the wrist socket. 機器人上的最后三個關節(jié)，模擬人類手腕提供的旋轉(zhuǎn)，從而允許其通過手腕插座連接到的末端執(zhí)行器的方向。 |
| Linear-elastic fracture mechanics | 線彈性斷裂力學 |
A method of fracture analysis that can determine the stress (or load) required to induce fracture instability in a structure containing a cracklike flaw of known size and shape. 一種斷裂分析方法，可確定在含有已知尺寸和形狀裂紋狀缺陷的結(jié)構(gòu)中引起斷裂不穩(wěn)定性所需的應力（或載荷）。 |
| Transgranular fracture | 穿晶斷裂 |
Fracture in crystalline materials where the path of cracking is predominantly across grains. 晶體材料中的斷裂，其中裂紋路徑主要跨越晶粒。 |
| Screw area (Unit m2) | 螺絲面積（單位m2） |
The area of a circle described by the tips of a propeller. 螺旋槳尖端所描述的圓的面積。 |
| Mass flow meter | 質(zhì)量流量計 |
An instrument, such as a Coriolis flow meter, which measures the mass flow rate of a fluid flowing through a pipe or other duct, rather than its volume flow rate. 一種儀器，例如科里奧利流量計，一種測量流經(jīng)管道或其他管道的流體的質(zhì)量流率而不是其體積流率的儀器。 |
| Malleable cast iron | 可鍛鑄鐵 |
A cast iron made by prolonged annealing of white cast iron in which decarburization or graphitization, or both, take place to eliminate some or all of the cementite. The graphite is in the form of temper carbon. If decarburization is the predominant reaction, the product will exhibit a light fracture surface, hence, “whiteheart malleable;” otherwise, the fracture surface will be dark, hence, “blackheart malleable.” Ferritic malleable has a predominantly ferritic matrix; pearlitic malleable may contain pearlitic, spheroidite or tempered martensite depending on heat treatment and desired hardness. 白口鑄鐵一種通過長時間退火制成的鑄鐵，脫碳，石墨化，或兩者都發(fā)生，以消除部分或全部滲碳體。石墨是回火碳的形式。如果脫碳是主要反應，產(chǎn)品將呈現(xiàn)出較輕的斷裂表面，“白心可鍛”。否則，斷裂表面將變暗，“黑心可鍛”。鐵素體可鍛性材料主要為鐵素體基體；根據(jù)熱處理和所需硬度，珠光體可鍛材料可能包含珠光體、球狀體或回火馬氏體。 |
| Atomizing humidifier | 霧化加濕器 |
A humidifier that functions by spraying fine droplets of water into an airstream. 一種加濕器，通過將細小的水滴噴射到氣流中來發(fā)揮作用。 |
| Torsion-bar suspension | 扭桿懸架 |
A type of motor-vehicle suspension in which one end of a torsion bar is rigidly fixed to the chassis while the other carries a lever to which are attached the components that carry a wheel. In a torsion-beam suspension, a beam connects the wheels on either side of the vehicle. 一種汽車懸架，其中扭力桿的一端剛性固定在底盤上，而另一端帶有一個杠桿，杠桿上連接著承載車輪的部件。在扭轉(zhuǎn)梁懸架中，梁連接車輛兩側(cè)的車輪。 |
| Octane number | 辛烷值 |
(octane rating) A measure of the anti-knock properties of a fuel taken as the percentage by volume of iso-octane in the fuel. （辛烷值）以燃料中異辛烷的體積百分比表示的燃料抗爆性能的量度。 |
| Alternative energy | 可替代能源 |
(alternate energy) Energy sources that are renewable and do not have the undesired consequences of fossil fuels and nuclear energy. （替代能源）可再生能源，不會產(chǎn)生化石燃料和核能的不良后果。 |
| Lüders lines | 呂德斯線 |
Elongated surface markings or depressions, often visible with the unaided eye, that form along the length of sheet metal or a tension specimen at an angle of approximately 45° to the loading axis. Caused by localized plastic deformation, they result from discontinuous (inhomogeneous) yielding. Also known as Lüders bands, Hartmann lines, Piobert lines, or stretcher strains. 拉長的表面標記或凹陷，通常肉眼可見，沿金屬板或拉伸試樣的長度形成，與加載軸的角度約為45°。由于局部塑性變形，它們是不連續(xù)（不均勻）屈服的結(jié)果。也被稱為呂德斯帶、哈特曼線、皮奧伯特線或拉伸線。 |
| Elongation measurement | 伸張率測量 |
Bolt elongation is directly proportional to axial stress when the applied stress is within the elastic range of the material. If both ends of a bolt are accessible, a micrometer measurement of bolt length made before and after the application of tension will ensure the required axial stress is applied. 當施加的應力在材料的彈性范圍內(nèi)時，螺栓伸長率與軸向應力成正比。如果螺栓的兩端都可以接近，則在施加張力前后對螺栓長度進行測微計測量，以確保施加所需的軸向應力。 |
| Abelian group | 阿貝爾群 |
Property of a group of elements associated with a binary operation. In an Abelian group, the group elements commute under the binary operation. If a and b are any two group elements and if the (+) sign denotes the binary operation, then, for an Abelian group, 與二元運算相關的一組元素的屬性。在阿貝爾群中，群元素在二元運算下交換。如果a和b是任意兩個群元素并且（+）符號表示二元運算 |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | 熱膨脹系數(shù) |
(1) Change in unit of length (or volume) accompanying a unit change of temperature, at a specified temperature. (2) The linear or volume expansion of a given material per degree rise of temperature, expressed at an arbitrary base temperature or as a more complicated equation applicable to a wide range. （1） 單位長度（或體積）隨溫度單位變化的變化。（2） 給定材料每上升一度的線性或體積膨脹，在任意基礎溫度下表示，或作為適用于寬范圍的更復雜方程表示。 |
| Maximum stress-intensity factor (Kmax) | 最大應力強度因子（Kmax） |
The maximum value of the stress-intensity factorin a fatigue cycle. 疲勞循環(huán)中應力強度因子的最大值。 |
| Bias pressure (Unit Pa) | 偏壓（單位Pa） |
In a fluidic device controlled by pressure difference, the magnitude of that difference. 在由壓力差控制的流體裝置中，該差值的大小。 |
| T-slot | T型槽 |
A recessed or undercut slot made with a special T shaped cutter in the tables of machine tools to receive the square head of a T bolt for clamping workpiece. 在機床工作臺上用一種特殊的T形刀具制成的凹槽或底切槽，用于容納T形螺栓的方頭，用于夾緊工件。 |
| Width across flats | 平面寬度 |
A principal dimension of nuts, or of bolt heads. Work hardening The slight increase in hardness and strength produced when a body is loaded past its yield point. Also called strain hardening. 螺母或螺栓頭的主要尺寸。加工硬化：當物體被加載超過其屈服點時，硬度和強度略有增加。也稱為應變硬化。 |
| Quench (quenching) | 淬火 |
Rapid cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: brine quenching, caustic quenching, cold die quenching, forced-air quenching, intense quenching, oil quenching, press quenching, spray quenching, direct quenching, fog quenching, hot quenching, interrupted quenching, selective quenching, time quenching, and water quenching. 1. The process of rapid-cooling by plunging an object into a bath of water, oil, salt, molten metal, or other media. It is a method of heat treatment used particularly to form martensite preparatory to tempering steels. The bath temperature is the quench temperature. 2. The suppression of combustion. 3. In a piston engine, the cooling of a fraction of the gases during combustion, typically by reducing the clearance between the piston crown and the cylinder head. 快速冷卻。適用時，應使用以下更具體的術(shù)語：鹽水淬火、堿淬火、冷模淬火、強制空氣淬火、強淬火、油淬火、壓力淬火、噴射淬火、直接淬火、霧淬火、熱淬火、間斷淬火、選擇性淬火、時間淬火和水淬火。1.通過將物體放入水、油、鹽、熔融金屬或其他介質(zhì)的浴中快速冷卻的過程。這是一種熱處理方法，特別用于形成回火鋼前的馬氏體。浴溫度是淬火溫度。2.燃燒的抑制。3.在活塞式發(fā)動機中，燃燒過程中一部分氣體的冷卻，通常通過減小活塞頂和氣缸蓋之間的間隙來實現(xiàn)。 |
| Preload accuracy | 預載精度 |
A measure of the precision with which a given tool or procedure creates preload in a bolt when the bolt is tightened. A common torque wrench, for example, is said to produce preload with an accuracy of +30%. The mean preload, however, may not be that which the designer intended, or may not be what he should have intended. Accuracy as used here, in other words, is synonymous with Scatter. 當螺栓擰緊時，給定工具或程序在螺栓中產(chǎn)生預緊力的精度度量。例如，一個普通的扭矩扳手據(jù)說可以產(chǎn)生精度為+30%的預載。然而，平均預載可能不是設計者預期的。這里使用的準確度是分散度的同義詞。 |
| Pulse | 脈沖 |
An increase or decrease in the magnitude of a physical quantity, such as pressure, voltage, or force, with a time scale short compared with other time scales in a process, after which there is a return to the original level. 物理量的大小的增加或減少，如壓力、電壓或力，與過程中的其他時間尺度相比，時間尺度較短，之后返回到原始水平。 |
| Waist | 腰部 |
The joint in a robot corresponding to the human waist, i.e. providing rotation about a vertical axis. In an articulated robot, the first joint mounted at the base frame. 機器人中的關節(jié)對應于人的腰部，即提供繞垂直軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)。在關節(jié)式機器人中，第一個關節(jié)安裝在基架上。 |
| Cemented carbides | 硬質(zhì)合金 |
Sintered mixtures of refractory metal carbides (e.g. tungsten carbide) in a metal matrix binder such as cobalt, nickel, or iron. They have high melting point, toughness, compressive strength, and wear resistance. Applications include use in grinding wheels and papers, cutting tools, drill bits, wire-drawing dies, and ball-point pen tips. Sometimes known as hard metals when the application is to machine tools. 難熔金屬碳化物（如碳化鎢）在金屬基體粘結(jié)劑（如鈷、鎳或鐵）中的燒結(jié)混合物。它們具有高熔點、韌性、抗壓強度和耐磨性。應用包括用于砂輪和紙張、切削工具、鉆頭、拉絲模和圓珠筆尖。當應用于機床時，有時稱為硬金屬。 |
| Precision | 精確 |
The closeness of agreement between the results of individual replicated measurements or tests. The standard deviation of the error of measurement may be used as a measure of “imprecision.” 單個重復測量或測試結(jié)果之間的一致性。測量誤差的標準偏差可用作“不精確性”的度量 |
| Chilled castings | 冷鑄件 |
Iron castings cooled at a rate that results in white iron (slow enough to avoid the formation of martensite, yet fast enough to prevent any silicon present from causing decomposition of cementite into iron and graphite). 鑄鐵件以產(chǎn)生白口鐵的速度冷卻（足夠慢以避免形成馬氏體，但足夠快以防止任何存在的硅導致滲碳體分解成鐵和石墨）。 |
| Rated load (Unit N) | 額定負荷（單位：N） |
The maximum load that a structure or component has been designed to carry. 結(jié)構(gòu)或部件設計承受的最大荷載。 |
| Ablative materials | 燒蝕材料 |
Materials, especially coating materials, designed to provide thermal protection to a body in a fluid stream through the loss of mass. 材料，尤其是涂層材料，旨在通過質(zhì)量損失為流體流中的物體提供熱保護。 |
| Graphitization | 石墨化 |
Formation of graphite in iron or steel. Where graphite is formed during solidification, the phenomenon is called primary graphitization; where formed later by heat treatment, secondary graphitization. 在鐵或鋼中形成石墨。在凝固過程中形成石墨的現(xiàn)象稱為一次石墨化；后來通過熱處理，形成二次石墨化。 |
| Relaxation | 松弛 |
The loss of tension, and therefore Clamping force, in a bolt and joint as a result of Embedment, vibration loosening, gasket creep, differential thermal expansion, etc. 由于嵌入、振動松動、墊圈蠕變、熱膨脹差等原因，螺栓和接頭中的張力損失，因此夾緊力損失。 |
| Verified loading range | 驗證加載范圍 |
For testing machines, the range of indicated loads for which the testing machine gives results within the permissible variation specified. 對于試驗機，試驗機在規(guī)定允許偏差范圍內(nèi)給出結(jié)果的指示載荷范圍。 |
| Velocity defect (Unit m/s) | 速度虧損（單位：m/s） |
In a viscous flow, such as a boundary layer or wake, the reduction in velocity, due to friction, compared with that of the free stream. 在粘性流中，如邊界層或尾跡，由于摩擦，與自由流相比，速度降低。 |
| Tension testing | 張力測試 |
A method of determining the behavior of materials subjected to uniaxial loading, which tends to stretch the metal. A longitudinal specimen of known length and diameter is gripped at both ends and stretched at a slow, controlled rate until rupture occurs. Also known as tensile testing. 一種確定材料在單軸載荷下的行為的方法，這種載荷傾向于拉伸金屬。將已知長度和直徑的縱向試樣夾持在兩端，并以緩慢、受控的速率拉伸，直到發(fā)生斷裂。也稱為拉伸測試。 |
| U-bend | U形管 |
U-bend A 180° bend in a pipe. 180°彎曲的管道。 |
| Transition temperature (Unit K) | 轉(zhuǎn)變溫度（單位K） |
(1) An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear)to primarily crystalline (cleavage) fracture. (2) Sometimes used to denote an arbitrarily defined temperature within a range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature. (transition point) 1. The temperature at which the mechanism of fracture in metal alloys having a face-centred cubic crystal structure changes from ductile void growth to brittle cleavage. 2. The temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state to another. （1） 任意定義的溫度，位于金屬斷裂特性（通常通過缺口試樣的試驗確定）快速變化的溫度范圍內(nèi)，如從主要纖維（剪切）斷裂到主要結(jié)晶（解理）斷裂。（2） 有時用于表示延性隨溫度快速變化的范圍內(nèi)的任意定義的溫度。（轉(zhuǎn)變點）1.具有面心立方晶體結(jié)構(gòu)的金屬合金的斷裂機制從韌性孔洞生長轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榇嘈越饫淼臏囟取?.材料從一種晶體狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱硪环N晶體的溫度。 |
| Constant-mesh gearbox | 恒嚙合齒輪箱 |
A gearbox in which the pairs of gears giving different speed ratios are constantly in mesh, different ratios being obtained by? connecting or disconnecting the relevant gear to the driving shaft. 一種齒輪箱，其中提供不同速比的齒輪對始終嚙合，通過將相關齒輪連接或斷開驅(qū)動軸獲得不同的速比。 |
| Temper | 回火 |
(1) In heat treatment, reheating hardened steel or hardened cast iron to some temperature below the eutectoid temperature for the purpose of decreasing hardness and increasing toughness. The process also is sometimes applied to normalized steel. (2) In tool steels, temper is sometimes used, but inadvisedly, to denote the carbon content. (3) In nonferrous alloys and in some ferrous alloys (steels that cannot be hardened by heat treatment), the hardness and strength produced by mechanical or thermal treatment, or both, and characterized by a certain structure, mechanical properties, or reduction in area during cold working. （1）在熱處理中，將硬化鋼或硬化鑄鐵重新加熱到共析溫度以下的溫度，以降低硬度和增加韌性。該工藝有時也適用于正火鋼。（2）在工具鋼中，有時使用回火來表示碳含量，但這是不恰當?shù)?。?）在非鐵合金和一些鐵合金（不能通過熱處理硬化的鋼）中，通過機械或熱處理或兩者產(chǎn)生的硬度和強度，其特征是在冷加工過程中具有一定的結(jié)構(gòu)、機械性能或面積減小。 |
| R-curve/Resistance curve | 阻力曲線 |
In linear-elastic fracture mechanics, a plot of crack-extension resistance as a function of stable crack extension, which is either the difference between the physical crack size, or the effective crack size, and the original crack size. R-curves normally depend on specimen thickness and, for some materials, on temperature and strain rate. An increase in fracture toughness with crack propagation shown by rising plots of toughness vs growing crack length. 在線彈性斷裂力學中，作為穩(wěn)定裂紋擴展函數(shù)的裂紋擴展阻力圖，即物理裂紋尺寸或有效裂紋尺寸與原始裂紋尺寸之間的差值。R曲線通常取決于試樣厚度，對于某些材料，還取決于溫度和應變率。是隨著裂紋擴展，斷裂韌性增加，表現(xiàn)為韌性與擴展裂紋長度的上升曲線。 |
| Plowing | 犁 |
In tribology, the formation of grooves by plastic deformation of the softer of two surfaces in relative motion. 在摩擦學中，通過相對運動的兩個表面中較軟的表面的塑性變形形成凹槽。 |
| Adhesive joint | 粘合接頭 |
The point or area in which two structures are held together by an adhesive. 兩個結(jié)構(gòu)通過粘合劑粘合在一起的點或區(qū)域。 |
| Pump | 泵 |
A machine designed to cause a liquid, gas, vapour, or slurry to flow due to the reciprocating motion of pistons, rotation of vanes, or rotation of an impeller. 通過活塞的往復運動、葉片的旋轉(zhuǎn)或葉輪的旋轉(zhuǎn)而使液體、氣體、蒸汽或泥漿流動的機器。 |
| Centrifugal pump | 離心泵 |
A pump into which liquid enters axially through the eye of the casing and is then accelerated through an impeller, thereby increasing both its kinetic energy and pressure before being delivered to a ring diffuser (the volute) that further increases the liquid pressure and from which it leaves. 一種泵，液體通過泵殼的眼軸向進入，然后通過葉輪加速，從而在輸送到環(huán)形擴散器（蝸殼）之前增加其動能和壓力，從而進一步增加液體壓力并從中流出樹葉。 |
| Captive nut | 松脫螺母 |
A nut attached loosely or rigidly to a sheet member that is too thin to thread and which engages with a cap screw. 松脫地或剛性地連接到薄板構(gòu)件上的螺母，該螺母太薄而無法擰入，并與帶帽螺釘接合。 |
| Fatigue strength | 疲勞強度 |
The stress to which a metal can be subjected for a specified number of cyclic changes of stress. The maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without failure. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. 金屬在指定數(shù)量的應力循環(huán)變化下可以承受的應力?？梢栽谥付ǖ难h(huán)次數(shù)內(nèi)持續(xù)而不失效的最大應力。還應說明最大應力值和應力比。 |
| Gasket m-factor | 墊片m系數(shù) |
For a gasketed joint of area A in which the clamping force is F, the factor m is defined by F ≥ mpA where p is the pressure that would separate the two halves of the joint and m > 1. 對于面積為A且夾緊力為F的墊片接頭，系數(shù)m由F≥mpA定義，其中p是分離接頭兩半的壓力，m>1。 |
| Pressure surface | 壓力面 |
The high-pressure surface of an aerofoil, turbine, or compressor blade. In normal aircraft applications, this is the lower surface of a wing. For applications, such as to high-performance motor vehicles, where the aerofoil is inverted to generate downforce, it is the upper surface. 機翼、渦輪或壓縮機葉片的高壓表面。在正常的飛機應用中，這是機翼的下表面。對于高性能機動車輛等應用，機翼翻轉(zhuǎn)以產(chǎn)生下壓力，它是上表面。 |
| T-bolt | T型螺栓 |
A threaded bolt having a square or rectangular end which fits into the T slot of a machine table for clamping workpieces. 一種帶有方形或矩形端頭的螺栓，可嵌入機床工作臺的T形槽中，用于夾緊工件。 |
| Bearing strength | 承載強度 |
The maximum bearing stress that a material is capable of sustaining. 材料能夠承受的最大承載應力。 |
| Offset | 偏移 |
The distance along the strain coordinate between the initial portion of a stress-strain curve and a line parallel to the initial portion that intersects the stress-strain curve at a value of stress (commonly 0.2%) that is used as a measure of the yield strength. Used for materials that have no obvious yield point. 應力-應變曲線的初始部分與平行于初始部分的線之間沿應變坐標的距離，該線以應力值（通常為0.2%）與應力-變形曲線相交，該應力值用作屈服強度的度量。用于沒有明顯屈服點的材料。 |
| International Bureau of Weights and Measures | 國際度量衡局IBWM |
(BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) The intergovernmental organization which has the mandate to provide the basis for a single, coherent system of measurements, traceable to the International System of Units. （BIPM，國際計量局）政府間組織，其任務是為可追溯到國際單位制的單一、一致的計量系統(tǒng)提供基礎。 |
| Spring constant | 彈簧常數(shù) |
The ratio between the forces exerted on a spring (or a bolt) and the deflection thereof. Has the dimensions of force per unit change in length (e.g., lb=in.). Also called Stiffness. 施加在彈簧（或螺栓）上的力與其撓度之間的比率。具有每單位長度變化的力的尺寸（例如lb=in.）。也稱為剛度。 |
| Check valve | 止回閥 |
(clack valve, non-return valve) A mechanical device that allows fluid flow in one direction only. The numerous designs include ball, diaphragm, disc, lift, split disc, and swing check valves. （瓣閥、止回閥）一種僅允許流體單向流動的機械裝置。眾多設計包括球閥、隔膜閥、盤閥、升降閥、分體盤閥和旋啟式止回閥。 |
| End-quench hardenability test | 端淬淬透性試驗 |
A laboratory procedure for determining the hardenability of a steel or other ferrous alloy. Hardenability is determined by heating a standard specimen above the upper critical temperature, placing the hot specimen in a fixture so that a stream of cold water impinges on one end, and, after cooling to room temperature is completed, measuring the hardness near the surface of the specimen at regularly spaced intervals along its length. The data are normally plotted as hardness versus distance from the quenched end. 測定鋼或其他鐵合金淬透性的實驗室程序。淬透性是通過將標準試樣加熱到高于上臨界溫度，將熱試樣放置在夾具中，使冷水流沖擊一端，并在冷卻至室溫后，沿試樣長度以規(guī)則間隔測量試樣表面附近的硬度來確定的。數(shù)據(jù)通常繪制為硬度與距淬火端距離的關系。 |
| Threaded fastener | 螺紋緊固件 |
Studs, bolts, and screws of all sorts, with associated nuts. One of the most interesting, complex, useful—and frustrating—components yet devised. 各種螺柱、螺栓和螺釘，以及相關的螺母。 |
| Valve plug | 閥塞 |
A conical or cylindrical plug, in which there are transverse holes, in a valve, such as a plug valve. Flow through the holes occurs when the plug is rotated. 閥門中的圓錐形或圓柱形閥塞，其中有橫向孔，如旋塞閥。旋轉(zhuǎn)閥塞時，會發(fā)生通過孔的流動 |
| Gear wheel | 齒輪 |
Any form of toothed wheel, particularly those having conjugate teeth employed in the transmission of motion and power. 任何形式的齒輪，特別是用于傳遞運動和動力的共軛齒的齒輪。 |
| Deviation | 偏差 |
The difference between the actual value and the desired value of a controlled variable. 受控變量的實際值與期望值之間的差值。 |
| Crest of screw thread | 螺紋牙頂 |
The top surface joining the two sides of flanks of a thread. 連接螺紋牙側(cè)兩側(cè)的頂面。 |
| Circlip | 卡簧 |
(snap ring) An external or internal retaining ring that locates parts of circular cross section in an axial direction. It consists of an incomplete ring, with holes on either side of the gap, that may be expanded by a plier-like tool to pass into a groove in a shaft or contracted to pass into a groove in a bore. （卡環(huán)）在軸向定位圓形橫截面部分的外部或內(nèi)部保持環(huán)。它由一個不完整的環(huán)組成，在間隙的任一側(cè)都有孔，可以通過鉗形工具將其擴展以進入軸中的凹槽或收縮以進入孔中的凹槽。 |
| Box annealing | 箱式退火 |
Annealing a metal or alloy in a sealed container under conditions that minimize oxidation. In box annealing a ferrous alloy, the charge is usually heated slowly to a temperature below the transformation range, but sometimes above or within it, and is then cooled slowly; this process is also called close annealing or pot annealing. 在使氧化最小化的條件下，在密封容器中對金屬或合金進行退火。在對鐵合金進行箱式退火時，通常將裝料緩慢加熱至低于轉(zhuǎn)變范圍的溫度，但有時會高于或低于轉(zhuǎn)變范圍，然后緩慢冷卻；這個過程也稱為緊密退火或罐式退火。 |
| Amplifier | 放大器 |
A device by which the output of a hydraulic, pneumatic, or electrical source is increased. 增加液壓、氣動或電源輸出的裝置。 |
| Cheese head | 圓柱頭 |
A cylindrical head on a screw or bolt. For driving, it may be slotted, or hexagonally recessed. 螺釘或螺栓上的圓柱頭。為了驅(qū)動，它可以是開槽的，也可以是六角形的。 |
| Diffusion coefficient | 擴散系數(shù) |
A factor of proportionality representing the amount of substance diffusing across a unit area through a unit concentration gradient in unit time. 一個比例因子，表示在單位時間內(nèi)通過單位濃度梯度擴散到單位面積上的物質(zhì)量。 |
| Computer control | 電腦控制 |
The control of an engineering device or system by pre-programmed computer or by feedback control. 通過預編程計算機或反饋控制對工程設備或系統(tǒng)進行控制。 |
| Tensometer | 拉力計 |
A bench-top device, used to perform tension and compression tests. 用于進行拉伸和壓縮試驗的臺式裝置。 |
| Creep limit (Unit Pa) | 蠕變極限（單位Pa） |
The maximum allowable stress under the action of which creep deformation of a material does not exceed a specified limit. 材料在其作用下的蠕變變形不超過規(guī)定限度的最大許用應力。 |
| Bolt stress (Unit Pa) | 螺栓應力（單位Pa） |
The axial tensile stress induced in a bolt by tightening. 通過擰緊在螺栓中產(chǎn)生的軸向拉應力。 |
| Pressure control valve | 壓力控制閥 |
A valve used to set the pressure level in a pressure vessel or piping system. 用于設置壓力容器或管道系統(tǒng)中壓力水平的閥門。 |
| Stress | 應力（單位Pa） |
The intensity of the internally distributed forces or components of forces that resist a change in the volume or shape of a material that is or has been subjected to external forces. Stress is expressed in force per unit area and is calculated on the basis of the original dimensions of the cross section of the specimen. Stress can be either direct (tension or compression)or shear. 1. Stress ‘a(chǎn)t a point’ (i.e. over a volume of material that is very small compared with that of the component or structure) is the load per unit area for every face of an infinitesimal cube surrounding the point. 2. In fluid flow the stress tensor σij is the sum of an isotropic part ?pδij, δij being the Kronecker delta, having the same form as the stress tensor for a fluid at rest, p being the static pressure, and the non-isotropic, deviatoric stress tensor dij which is due entirely to the fluid motion. 內(nèi)部分布力或力分量的強度，這些力或力的分量抵抗正在或已經(jīng)受到外力的材料的體積或形狀的變化。應力以單位面積的力表示，并根據(jù)試樣橫截面的原始尺寸計算。應力可以是直接（拉伸或壓縮）或剪切。1.“在一點”的應力（即在與組件或結(jié)構(gòu)相比非常小的材料體積上）是圍繞該點的無限小立方體的每個面的單位面積載荷。2. 在流體流動中，應力張量σij是各向同性部分-pδij的總和，δij是Kroneckerδ，具有與靜止流體的應力張量相同的形式，p是靜壓，非各向同性, 偏應力張量 dij 完全由流體運動引起。 |
| Thermal fatigue | 熱疲勞 |
Fatigue resulting from the presence of temperature gradients that vary with time in such a manner as to produce cyclic stresses in a structure. 由于溫度梯度的存在而產(chǎn)生的疲勞，溫度梯度隨時間變化，從而在結(jié)構(gòu)中產(chǎn)生循環(huán)應力。 |
| Absolute specific gravity | 絕對比重 |
The ratio of the weight of any volume of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of a reference substance at the same temperature, often water at 4°C, both measured in a vacuum to avoid any effect of buoyancy. 在相同溫度下，任何體積的物質(zhì)的重量與等體積的參考物質(zhì)的重量之比，通常是4°C的水，兩者都是在真空中測量的，以避免任何浮力的影響。 |
| Shear strength (Unit Pa) | 抗剪強度（單位Pa） |
The maximum shear stress that can be withstood by a material either (a) before plasticity occurs or (b) before rupture. 材料在（a）塑性發(fā)生之前或（b）斷裂之前能夠承受的最大剪切應力。 |
| Elastic constants | 彈性常數(shù) |
The factors of proportionality that relate elastic displacement of a material to applied forces. 將材料的彈性位移與施加的力相關聯(lián)的比例因子。 |
| Nipple | 噴嘴 |
A device containing a non-return valve screwed into a lubrication point through which grease may be introduced, for example into a bearing. 一種包含止回閥的裝置，該止回閥擰入潤滑點，通過該潤滑點可以將潤滑脂引入，例如軸承中。 |
| Profile | 輪廓 |
The shape of a cross section of an object, such as an aerofoil or cam. 物體的橫截面形狀，如機翼或凸輪。 |
| Mean value | 平均值 |
The average value of a number of data points. Computed by dividing the sum of all data by the number of data points. 多個數(shù)據(jù)點的平均值。通過將所有數(shù)據(jù)的總和除以數(shù)據(jù)點的數(shù)量來計算。 |
| Scratch hardness | 劃痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material, such as a metal, alloy, plastic, or mineral, to scratching by a much harder indenter, such as a diamond stylus, moved slowly across the surface. The scratch hardness number is computed from the loads and the dimensions of the residual scratch. 一種材料（如金屬、合金、塑料或礦物）對更硬的壓頭（如金剛石觸針）劃傷的抵抗力，在表面上緩慢移動。根據(jù)載荷和殘余劃痕的尺寸計算劃痕硬度值。 |
| Active vibration suppression | 主動振動抑制 |
The reduction of undesirable vibration in components by feedback control. 通過反饋控制減少部件中的不良振動。 |
| Hot working | 熱加工 |
Plastic deformation of a metal, by rolling, drawing, forging, etc., at a temperature above its recrystallization temperature (in commercial alloys above about 40% of their melting points in kelvins) which results in permanent shape change but no increase in strength or loss of ductility. 金屬通過軋制、拉拔、鍛造等在高于其再結(jié)晶溫度（在商業(yè)合金中高于其熔點的40%的開爾文）的溫度下發(fā)生塑性變形，導致永久的形狀變化，但不會增加強度或失去延展性。 |
| Coefficient of restitution (e) | 回彈系數(shù)（e） |
The ratio of the relative velocity of two colliding bodies after collision to that before. In perfectly elastic collisions e = 1; when all the impact energy is dissipated, e = 0. 兩個碰撞體在碰撞后與碰撞前的相對速度之比。在完全彈性碰撞中e=1；當所有的沖擊能量都消散時，e=0。 |
| Failure of the bolt | 螺栓失效 |
Term implying that the bolt has broken or the threads have stripped. There can be many reasons for this. 表示螺栓斷裂或螺紋脫落的術(shù)語。原因可能有很多種。 |
| Decalescence | 退色 |
A phenomenon, associated with the transformation of alpha iron to gamma iron on the heating (superheating) of iron or steel, revealed by the darkening of the metal surface owing to the sudden decrease in temperature caused by the fast absorption of the latent heat of transformation. 一種現(xiàn)象，與鐵或鋼加熱（過熱）時α鐵向γ鐵的轉(zhuǎn)變有關，由于轉(zhuǎn)變潛熱的快速吸收導致溫度突然降低，金屬表面變黑。 |
| Oxygen probe | 定氧測頭 |
An atmosphere-monitoring device that electronically measures the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in a furnace or furnace supply atmosphere and the external air. 一種大氣監(jiān)測裝置，以電子方式測量熔爐或熔爐供應大氣中的氧分壓與外部空氣之間的差值。 |
| Base metal hardness | 母材硬度 |
Hardness closest to the surface (when traversing from core to outside diameter) just before an increase or decrease occurs, denoting, respectively, carburization or decarburization. 在發(fā)生增加或減少之前最接近表面的硬度（從芯部到外徑時），分別表示滲碳或脫碳。 |
| Wind pump | 風泵 |
A pump driven directly by a windmill on a tower. Widely used in remote locations. 由塔上的風車直接驅(qū)動的泵。廣泛應用于偏遠地區(qū)。 |
| Stress-intensity calibration | 應力強度校準 |
A mathematical expression, based on empirical or analytical results, that relates the stress-intensity factor to load and crack length for a specific specimen planar geometry. Also known as Kcalibration. 基于經(jīng)驗或分析結(jié)果的數(shù)學表達式，該表達式將特定試樣平面幾何形狀的應力強度因子與載荷和裂紋長度聯(lián)系起來。也稱為K校準。 |
| Lap joint | 搭接接頭 |
A riveted, welded, or bonded connection between two plates made by overlapping one plate above the other. Lap joints having plates above and below a butt joint avoid the bending moment associated with a simple lap joint. 兩塊板之間的鉚接、焊接或粘結(jié)連接，通過將一塊板重疊在另一塊板上而形成。對接接頭上方和下方具有板的搭接接頭避免了與簡單搭接接頭相關的彎矩。 |
| Total elongation | 總伸長率 |
A total amount of permanent extension of a test piece broken in a tensile test. 拉伸試驗中斷裂試樣的永久延伸總量。 |
| Crack arrest | 止裂 |
Crack propagation that stops of its own accord when the energy release rate of the loaded component or structure falls below a critical value. If predictable, it can be incorporated into structural-integrity assessments. 當加載部件或結(jié)構(gòu)的能量釋放率低于臨界值時，裂紋自行停止擴展。如果可以預測，可以將其納入結(jié)構(gòu)完整性評估。 |
| Nanoparticles | 納米顆粒 |
Particles with dimensions of order 1 nm which have either been introduced into microstructures for reinforcement or are present as impurities. 尺寸為1nm級的顆粒，其已被引入微結(jié)構(gòu)中用于增強或作為雜質(zhì)存在。 |
| Vehicle | 車輛 |
A means of conveyance for transporting goods and people, generally with wheels powered by a petrol, diesel, or steam engine, or by an electric motor, or by a hybrid combination of an electric motor and a diesel or petrol engine. 一種運輸貨物和人員的交通工具，通常由汽油機、柴油機或蒸汽機、電動機或電動機與柴油機或汽油機的混合動力驅(qū)動。 |
| Controlled cooling | 控制冷卻 |
Cooling from an elevated temperature in a predetermined manner, to avoid hardening, cracking, or internal damage, or to produce desired microstructure or mechanical properties. 以預定方式從升高的溫度冷卻，以避免硬化、開裂或內(nèi)部損壞，或產(chǎn)生所需的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)或機械性能。 |
| Coefficient of discharge (CD) | 流量系數(shù)（CD） |
For flow through a nozzle or orifice plate, the ratio of the actual mass flow rate to the theoretical mass flow rate calculated assuming the flow to be isentropic. The coefficient of velocity (velocity coefficient) is the corresponding ratio of the actual average velocity to the theoretical value. For incompressible flow, the theoretical flow rate and velocity can be calculated using Bernoulli’s equation. 對于通過噴嘴或孔板的流量，實際質(zhì)量流量與假設流量為等熵計算的理論質(zhì)量流量之比。速度系數(shù)（速度系數(shù)）是實際平均速度與理論值的對應比。對于不可壓縮流，可以使用伯努利方程計算理論流量和速度。 |
| Bulk velocity | 體積速度 |
(average velocity, V) (Unit m/s) For fluid flow in a pipe or duct, the average flow velocity, given by V = ?/ρA where ? is the mass flow rate, ρ is the fluid density, and A is the duct cross-sectional area. （平均速度，V）（單位m/s）對于管道或管道中的流體流動，平均流速，由V=?/ρA給出，其中?是質(zhì)量流量，ρ是流體密度，A是管道截面積。 |
| Impact loads | 沖擊載荷 |
Especially severe shock loads such as those caused by instantaneous arrest of a falling mass, shock meeting of two parts (in a mechanical hammer, for example), or by explosive impact, in which there can be an exceptionally rapid build-up of stress. 特別嚴重的沖擊載荷，例如由下落質(zhì)量的瞬時停止、兩部分的沖擊碰撞（例如在機械錘中）或爆炸性沖擊引起的沖擊載荷，其中可能會出現(xiàn)異?？焖俚膽Ψe聚。 |
| Cellular materials | 蜂窩材料 |
There are three broad classes of materials that have a sponge-like structure containing many small closed or open (interlinked) pores or cells. Natural cellular materials include bone, cork, sponge, and wood, and have numerous well-known uses. Wide ranges of cellular plastics are produced using blowing or foaming agents, such as air, ammonium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, etc., to create pores during the processing of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers. Rigid foams have moderate compressive strength and can be moulded and machined. 有三大類材料具有海綿狀結(jié)構(gòu)，包含許多小的封閉或開放（互連）孔或細胞。天然多孔材料包括骨骼、軟木、海綿和木材，有許多眾所周知的用途。使用發(fā)泡劑或發(fā)泡劑（如空氣、碳酸銨、碳酸氫鈉等）生產(chǎn)各種泡沫塑料，以在熱塑性或熱固性聚合物加工過程中產(chǎn)生孔隙。硬質(zhì)泡沫具有中等抗壓強度，可模制和機加工。 |
| Grain | 晶粒 |
1. An individual crystal in a polycrystalline solid. Most engineering materials such as metals and ceramics are used in polycrystalline form. 2. (gr) A non-SI unit of mass. The conversion to SI is 1 gr = 6.479 891 × 10?5?kg. 1.多晶固體中的單個晶體。大多數(shù)工程材料，如金屬和陶瓷，都以多晶形式使用。2.（gr）非國際單位制的質(zhì)量單位。轉(zhuǎn)換為SI為1gr=6.479891×10-5kg。 |
| Liquid nitriding | 液體氮化 |
A method of surface hardening in which molten nitrogen-bearing, fused-salt baths containing both cyanides and cyanates are exposed to parts at subcritical temperatures. 一種表面硬化方法，其中含有氰化物和氰酸鹽的熔融含氮熔鹽浴在亞臨界溫度下暴露于零件。 |
| U-bolt | U型螺栓 |
A rod threaded at both ends and bent into a U-shape. It is used for clamping. An externally threaded fastener bent in the shape of the letter U and with both ends threaded. 兩端有螺紋并彎曲成U形的桿。用于夾緊。一種外螺紋緊固件，彎曲成字母U的形狀，兩端帶有螺紋。 |
| Austempered steels | 等溫鋼 |
Medium to high carbon steels with improved mechanical properties as a result of austempering. After heating to between 800° and 900°C to form the austenite phase, they are quenched to, and held at, just above the martensite transformation range (between 260° and 370°C) to form bainite, before cooling further. Austempering of ductile cast irons results in a microstructure of bainite and spheroidal graphite. Austempered ductile irons have excellent toughness and wear properties. 由于等溫淬火，機械性能得到改善的中高碳鋼。在加熱到800°和900°C之間形成奧氏體相后，將它們淬火并保持在略高于馬氏體轉(zhuǎn)變范圍（260°和370°C之間）以形成貝氏體，然后進一步冷卻。球墨鑄鐵的等溫淬火導致貝氏體和球狀石墨的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)。等溫淬火球墨鑄鐵具有優(yōu)異的韌性和耐磨性。 |
| Conditioning heat treatment | 調(diào)質(zhì)熱處理 |
A preliminary heat treatment used to prepare a material for desired reaction to a subsequent heat treatment. For the term to be meaningful, the exact heat treatment must be specified. 用于制備材料的初步熱處理，以便對隨后的熱處理進行所需的反應。為了使該術(shù)語有意義，必須指定確切的熱處理。 |
| Vertical engine | 立式發(fā)動機 |
A piston engine having the cylinders above the crankshaft. 氣缸位于曲軸上方的活塞發(fā)動機。 |
| SI system | SI國際單位制 |
SI is an abbreviation of Système International d’Unités, i.e., the international unit measurement system – an internationally established system of measurement units built on older metric systems. SI是Système International d‘Unités的縮寫，即國際單位計量系統(tǒng)——一種基于舊公制的國際公認計量單位系統(tǒng)。 |
| Flame straightening | 火焰矯直 |
Correcting distortion in metal structures by localized heating with a gas flame. 通過使用氣體火焰進行局部加熱來糾正金屬結(jié)構(gòu)的變形。 |
| Endurance limit | 耐力極限 |
The maximum stress below which a material can presumably endure an infinite number of stress cycles. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. That completely reversing stress limit below which a bolt or joint member will have an essentially infinite life under cyclic fatigue loads. Note that the mean stress on the bolts here is zero. 材料可以承受無限次應力循環(huán)的最大應力。還應說明最大應力值和應力比。完全逆轉(zhuǎn)的應力極限，低于該極限螺栓或接頭構(gòu)件在循環(huán)疲勞載荷下將具有基本上無限的壽命。請注意，此處螺栓上的平均應力為零。 |
| Carbonitriding | 碳氮共滲 |
A case hardening process in which a suitable ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation temperature in a gaseous atmosphere of such composition as to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen by the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. The process is completed by cooling at a rate that produces the desired properties in the workpiece. 一種表面硬化工藝，在該工藝中，將合適的含鐵材料在氣體氣氛中加熱到較低的轉(zhuǎn)變溫度以上，使其表面同時吸收碳和氮，并通過擴散形成濃度梯度。該工藝通過以在工件中產(chǎn)生所需性能的速率冷卻來完成。 |
| Aspect ratio | 縱橫比 |
The ratio of the longest to the shortest dimension of a shape or object e.g. the chord-to-thickness ratio of an aerofoil or the span-to-chord ratio of a wing. 形狀或物體的最長與最短尺寸之比，例如機翼的弦厚比或機翼的翼展弦比。 |
| Fastener testing | 緊固件測試 |
A determination or verification that the fastener meets its specification requirements. 確定或驗證緊固件符合其規(guī)范要求。 |
| Slug | 猛擊 |
1. A starting workpiece for forging and similar operations, such as a length of wire or rod to make a bolt blank on which a thread can be rolled or cut. 2. (geepound) An obsolete imperial (non-SI) unit of mass, being the mass which under an acceleration of one foot per second squared gives a force of one pound-force. The conversion to SI is 1 slug = 14.593 902 94 kg. 3. A large-scale flow structure which occurs in the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a pipe. 1.一種用于鍛造和類似操作的起始工件，如用于制造螺栓毛坯的一段線材或棒材，在該毛坯上可以軋制或切割螺紋。2.（吉磅）一種已被淘汰的英制（非國際單位制）質(zhì)量單位，在一英尺/秒平方加速度下產(chǎn)生一磅力的質(zhì)量。轉(zhuǎn)化為SI國際單位制的轉(zhuǎn)化率為1slug=14.59390294kg。3.一種大規(guī)模流動結(jié)構(gòu)，其發(fā)生在管道中從層流到湍流的過渡中。 |
| Structural-integrity analysis | 結(jié)構(gòu)完整性分析 |
Assessment of components and structures for likelihood of failure by buckling, fracture, yielding, etc. under conditions of normal and accident loading. 在正常和事故荷載條件下，評估部件和結(jié)構(gòu)因屈曲、斷裂、屈服等而失效的可能性。 |
| Impact wrench | 沖擊扳手 |
An air- or electric-powered wrench in which multiple blows from tiny hammers are used to produce output torque to tighten fasteners. A pneumatically-or electrically-powered socket wrench used to tighten or loosen nuts through the application of torque in a rapid series of impulses. 一種氣動或電動扳手，使用小錘子多次敲擊來產(chǎn)生輸出扭矩以擰緊緊固件，用于通過在一系列快速脈沖中施加扭矩來擰緊或松開螺母。 |
| Rupture stress | 斷裂應力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as breaking stress. 失效時的應力。也稱為破裂應力。 |
| Tab washer (lock washer) | 止動墊圈（鎖緊墊圈） |
A washer with one or more protruding tabs which can be bent in such a way that a nut or bolt head is prevented from becoming loose. 一種墊圈，具有一個或多個突出凸耳，可彎曲以防止螺母或螺栓頭松動。 |
| Combustion efficiency | 燃燒效率 |
(source efficiency, ηCOMB) A performance measure for combustion equipment defined by ηCOMB?= amount of heat released during combustion/(calorific value of the fuel burned). （源效率，ηCOMB）燃燒設備的性能度量，定義為ηCOMB=燃燒過程中釋放的熱量/（燃燒燃料的熱值）。 |
| Displacement | 移位 |
The distance that a chosen measurement point on a cracked specimen displaces normal to the crack plane as the crack grows. 隨著裂紋擴展，裂紋試樣上選定的測量點垂直于裂紋平面位移的距離。 |
| Progressive aging | 漸進時效 |
Aging by increasing the temperature in steps or continuously during the aging cycle. 通過在時效周期中逐步或連續(xù)升高溫度進行增加時效。 |
| Bimetallic strip | 雙金屬片 |
A strip formed by welding, riveting or brazing together two metals having different coefficients of expansion, which causes the strip to curl when its temperature changes. Typical combinations are steel and copper or steel and brass. 將兩種膨脹系數(shù)不同的金屬焊接、鉚接或釬焊在一起形成的帶材，當溫度變化時，帶材會卷曲。典型的組合是鋼和銅或鋼和黃銅。 |
| Freezing point | 冰點 |
The temperature at which a substance changes phase (or state) from liquid to solid. The freezing point for most substances increases as pressure increases. The reverse process, from solid to liquid, is melting; melting point is the same as freezing point. 物質(zhì)從液態(tài)變?yōu)楣虘B(tài)的溫度。大多數(shù)物質(zhì)的冰點隨著壓力的增加而增加。從固體到液體的逆過程是熔化；熔點與凝固點相同。 |
| Oxidizing agent | 氧化劑 |
A compound that causes oxidation, thereby itself becoming reduced. 一種引起氧化從而自身被還原的化合物。 |
| Biomedical engineering | 生物醫(yī)學工程 |
The application of engineering principles and methodology to the medical field. Examples involving mechanical engineering include the design and construction of artificial limbs and hearts, heart-lung machines, prosthetic eyes, and orthopaedic implants such as hip joints and pins to stabilize fractured bones. 工程原理和方法在醫(yī)學領域的應用。涉及機械工程的例子包括假肢和心臟、心肺機、假眼和骨科植入物（如髖關節(jié)和用于穩(wěn)定骨折骨骼的銷釘）的設計和建造。 |
| Die casting | 壓鑄 |
A process in which molten metal, particularly alloys of aluminium, magnesium, copper, and zinc, is forced under pressure (10 to 200 MPa) into a reusable hardened-steel mould machined into a die. 在壓力（10至200MPa）下將熔融金屬（特別是鋁、鎂、銅和鋅的合金）強制進入加工成模具的可重復使用的硬化鋼模具中的過程。 |
| Square thread | 方螺紋 |
A form of screw thread in which the cross–section of the thread forms a square, making the width of the thread equal to the space between the threads. 螺紋的一種形式，螺紋的橫截面形成正方形，使螺紋的寬度等于螺紋之間的間距。 |
| Cooling curve | 冷卻曲線 |
A curve showing the relation between time and temperature during the cooling of a material. 顯示材料冷卻過程中時間和溫度之間關系的曲線。 |
| Taper key | 楔鍵 |
A key with parallel sides but tapering cross section along its length. 邊平行但橫截面沿其長度逐漸變細的鍵。 |
| Plane strain | 平面應變 |
The stress condition in linear-elastic fracture mechanics in which there is zero strain in a direction normal to both the axis of applied tensile stress and the direction of crack growth (i.e., parallel to the crack front); most nearly achieved in loading thick plates along a direction parallel to the plate surface. Under plane-strain conditions, the plane of fracture instability is normal to the axis of the principal tensile stress. 線彈性斷裂力學中的應力條件，其中在垂直于施加拉應力軸和裂紋擴展方向（即平行于裂紋前沿）的方向上存在零應變；最接近于沿平行于板表面的方向加載厚板。在平面應變條件下，斷裂失穩(wěn)平面垂直于主拉應力軸。 |
| Dew point | 壓力露點 |
The temperature and pressure at which a gas begins to condense to a liquid. 氣體開始凝結(jié)成液體的溫度和壓力。 |
| Differential heating | 差動加熱 |
Heating that intentionally produces a temperature gradient within an object such that, after cooling, a desired stress distribution or variation in properties is present within the object. 加熱有意在物體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生溫度梯度，從而在冷卻后，在物體內(nèi)出現(xiàn)所需的應力分布或特性變化。 |
| Transformation toughening | 相變增韌 |
The improvement of fracture toughness of a material by stress-induced transformation of the microstructure. 通過微結(jié)構(gòu)的應力誘導轉(zhuǎn)變來提高材料的斷裂韌性。 |
| Starting valve (regulator) | 起動閥（調(diào)節(jié)器） |
A valve which admits steam from the boiler to the cylinder(s) of a steam engine. 將蒸汽從鍋爐送入蒸汽機汽缸的閥門。 |
| Elastic resilience | 彈性回彈 |
The amount of energy absorbed in stressing a material up to the elastic limit; or, the amount of energy that can be recovered when stress is released from the elastic limit. 向材料施加應力直至彈性極限所吸收的能量；或者當應力從彈性極限釋放時可以恢復的能量值。 |
| Nano machining | 納米加工 |
The machining of silicon chips typically less than 1 nm thick. 硅芯片的加工通常小于1nm厚。 |
| Auxetic materials | 拉脹材料 |
Those man-made materials for which Poisson’s ratio is negative, so that the cross section expands when subjected to a longitudinal tensile stress and contracts when subjected to a longitudinal compressive stress. 泊松比為負的人造材料，其橫截面在受到縱向拉應力時會膨脹，在受到縱向壓應力時會收縮。 |
| Nonlinear behavior | 非線性行為 |
A fastener or joint system is said to exhibit nonlinear behavior when the relationship between the External load on the joint and deformation of the parts is nonlinear, or when the relationship between increasing Preload and deformation is nonlinear. 當接頭上的外部載荷與零件變形之間的關系是非線性的，或者當增加的預載荷與變形之間的聯(lián)系是非線性的時，可以說緊固件或接頭系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn)出非線性行為。 |
| Acid rain | 酸雨 |
Any form of precipitation, including rain, snow, sleet, fog, dew, and particulates, which contains higher than normal levels of sulfuric and nitric acids. These acids result from natural and man-made emissions of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, respectively. Acid soot consists of unburned carbon particles, typically larger than 10 μm, in the atmosphere contaminated with sulfuric acid. The particles result from poor combustion of fossil fuels. 任何形式的降水，包括雨、雪、雨夾雪、霧、露水和顆粒物，其中含有高于正常水平的硫酸和硝酸。這些酸分別來自二氧化硫和氮氧化物的自然排放和人為排放。酸煙灰由未燃燒的碳顆粒組成，通常大于10微米，在被硫酸污染的大氣中。這些顆粒是化石燃料燃燒不良造成的。 |
| Angularity | 角度 |
The underfaces of the nut and the bolt head should be exactly perpendicular to the thread or shank axes. If the angle between the face and the axis is, for example, 868 or 948, the fastener is said to have an angularity of 48 (sometimes called Perpendicularity). 螺母和螺栓頭的底面應與螺紋或柄軸完全垂直。例如，如果面和軸之間的角度為868或948，則稱緊固件的角度為48（有時稱為垂直度）。 |
| Turbine flow meter | 渦輪流量計 |
(axial flow meter, propeller meter) An in-line flow meter in which the rotation speed N of a propeller or rotor is a measure of the mass flowrate ?. Calibration is always necessary but with appropriate design ? is closely proportional to N over a wide range. （軸向流量計、螺旋槳流量計）一種串聯(lián)流量計，其中螺旋槳或轉(zhuǎn)子的轉(zhuǎn)速N是質(zhì)量流量的測量值?. 校準總是必要的，但需要適當?shù)脑O計?在很寬的范圍內(nèi)與N成正比。 |
| Compression member | 壓縮構(gòu)件 |
A structural component, the major loading on which is compressive. 一種結(jié)構(gòu)部件，其上的主要載荷是壓縮的。 |
| Screw thread | 螺紋 |
A ridge of uniform section or shape in the form of a helix on the external or internal surface of a cylinder, or in the form of a conical spiral on the external or internal surface of a cone. 在圓柱體的外表面或內(nèi)表面上呈螺旋形或在圓錐體的外表面和內(nèi)表面上以錐形螺旋形的均勻截面或形狀的脊。 |
| Single-shear test | 單剪試驗 |
?(1) A shear test similar to the double-shear test used for round-bar specimens, but that uses only one stationary shear blade. (2) A shear test that uses a sheet or thin-plate specimen. （1）一種剪切試驗，類似于用于圓棒試樣的雙剪切試驗，但僅使用一個固定剪切刀片。（2）使用薄板或薄板試樣的剪切試驗。 |
| Radial flow | 徑向流 |
radial flow Fluid flow for which the principal direction of flow is either radially inward or radially outward relative to an axial direction. 徑向流動流體流動的主要方向是徑向向內(nèi)或徑向向外流動。 |
| Barrier protection | 屏障保護 |
The coating on a fastener is said to provide barrier protection if it merely isolates the fastener from the environment. Paint, for example, provides barrier protection. 如果僅將緊固件與環(huán)境隔離，則據(jù)說緊固件上的涂層可提供屏障保護。例如，油漆提供屏障保護。 |
| Coherent structure | 相干結(jié)構(gòu) |
A term given to the larger eddies of turbulent shear flow, such as boundary layers, jets, and wakes, that show distinctive correlated patterns of motion. 一個術(shù)語，用于表示湍流剪切流的較大渦流，例如邊界層、射流和尾流，它們顯示出獨特的相關運動模式。 |
| Total combustion air (Unit kg/s) | 總?cè)紵諝猓▎挝唬簁g/s） |
1. The combination of the stoichiometric flow of air required for combustion together with any excess air. 2. The flow of fresh air into a boiler plus any flue gas recirculated. 1.燃燒所需的化學計量空氣流與任何過量空氣的組合。2.進入鍋爐的新鮮空氣流加上再循環(huán)的任何煙氣。 |
| Nanomanufacturing | 納米制造 |
1. The manufacture of nanoscale materials. 2. The manufacture of components or devices that have critical dimensions of order 1 nm. 1.納米材料的制造。2.具有1nm級臨界尺寸的部件或裝置的制造。 |
| Dynamic strain aging | 動態(tài)應變時效 |
A behavior in metals in which solute atoms are sufficiently mobile to move toward and interact with dislocations. This results in strengthening over a specific range of elevated temperature and strain rate. 金屬的一種特點，其中溶質(zhì)原子具有足夠的移動能力，能夠向位錯移動并與位錯相互作用，會導致在特定的高溫和應變速率范圍內(nèi)強化。 |
| Damage tolerance | 損傷容限 |
(defect tolerance) A design philosophy that takes into account initial imperfections, crack-growth rates and conditions at final fracture, and uses fracture mechanics to demonstrate that cracks should not grow to their critical length within the design life (or at least should be capable of ready detection). （缺陷公差）考慮初始缺陷、裂紋擴展速率和最終斷裂條件的設計理念，并使用斷裂力學證明裂紋不應在設計壽命內(nèi)增長到其臨界長度（或至少應能夠隨時檢測）。 |
| Socket wrench | 套筒扳手 |
A form of spanner with an internally ridged steel socket to fit a nut or the head of a bolt or screw. 扳手的一種形式，帶有內(nèi)脊鋼套筒，用于安裝螺母或螺栓或螺釘?shù)念^部。 |
| Burning | 燃燒化 |
(1) Permanently damaging a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation. See overheating, grain-boundary liquation. (2) In grinding, getting the work hot enough to cause discoloration or to change the microstructure by tempering or hardening. （1）通過加熱導致初期熔化或晶間氧化而永久損壞金屬或合金。參見過熱、晶界液化。（2）在磨削過程中，使工件熱到足以引起變色或通過回火或硬化改變微觀結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Torsion spring | 扭簧 |
1. A spring in the form of a torsion bar. 2. A helical spring to which torque can be applied at the ends. 1.一種扭桿形式的彈簧。2.一種螺旋彈簧，其端部可施加扭矩。 |
| Car furnace | 車爐 |
A batch-type furnace using a car on rails to enter and leave the furnace area. Car furnaces are used for lower stress relieving ranges. 一種間歇式爐，使用軌道上的小車進出爐區(qū)。汽車爐用于較低的應力消除范圍。 |
| Centrifugal | 離心式 |
Acting or moving in a direction away from the axis of rotation of a rotating body. 沿遠離旋轉(zhuǎn)體的旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的方向作用或移動。 |
| Q-factor | 品質(zhì)因素 |
(quality factor, sharpness of resonance) A non-dimensional parameter that describes, for a given resonant mode, the sharpness of the peak in the frequency response of a lightly-damped linear oscillator: Q = ωRES/Δω where ωRES?is the resonance frequency and Δω is the half-power bandwidth of the resonance. It is inversely related to the damping such that a broad peak corresponds to high damping and a narrow peak to low damping. （品質(zhì)因數(shù)，共振尖銳度）一個無量綱參數(shù)，用于描述給定共振模式下，輕阻尼線性振蕩器頻率響應峰值的尖銳度：Q=ωRES/Δω，其中ωRES是共振頻率，Δω是共振的半功率帶寬。它與阻尼成反比，因此寬峰值對應于高阻尼，窄峰值對應于低阻尼。 |
| Time quenching | 時間淬火 |
A term used to describe a quench in which the cooling rate of the part being quenched must be changed abruptly at some time during the cooling cycle. 用于描述淬火的術(shù)語，其中被淬火零件的冷卻速率必須在冷卻循環(huán)的某個時間突然改變。 |
| Quick coupling | 快速接頭 |
(quick disconnect, fast coupling) A hose connection allowing rapid assembly or disassembly and comprising a socket and a plug incorporating a springloaded locking mechanism. （快速斷開、快速連接）一種軟管連接，允許快速組裝或拆卸，包括插座和帶有彈簧加載鎖定機構(gòu)的插頭。 |
| Pin or mandrel | 銷或心軸 |
In bend testing, the plunger or tool used in making semiguided, guided, or wrap-around tests to apply the bending force to the inside surface of the bend. In free bends or semiguided bends to an angle of180°, a shim or block of the proper thickness may be placed between the legs of the specimen as bending is completed. This shim or block is also referred to as a pin or mandrel. 在彎曲測試中，用于進行半導向、導向或環(huán)繞測試以將彎曲力施加到彎曲內(nèi)表面的柱塞或工具。在180°角的自由彎曲或半導向彎曲中，彎曲完成后，可在試樣支腿之間放置適當厚度的墊片或墊塊。該墊片或墊塊也稱為銷或心軸。 |
| Absolute expansion | 絕對擴張 |
The true volumetric expansion of a liquid with temperature, after account is taken of any expansion of the container in which it is held. 考慮到容納液體的容器的任何膨脹后，液體隨溫度的真實體積膨脹。 |
| Stress relaxation | 應力松弛 |
The slow decrease in stress level within a part (e.g., a bolt) which is heavily loaded under constant deflection conditions. A ‘‘cousin’’ to creep, which is a slow change in geometry under constant stress conditions. The time-dependent decrease in stress in a solid under constant strain at constant temperature due to creep. The stress-relaxation behavior of a metal is usually shown in a stress-relaxation curve. 在恒定撓曲條件下，零件（如螺栓）內(nèi)的應力水平緩慢降低，該零件承受重荷載。蠕變的“表親”，是在恒定應力條件下幾何結(jié)構(gòu)的緩慢變化。在恒定溫度下，由于蠕變，固體在恒定應變下的應力隨時間變化的減小。金屬的應力松弛行為通常顯示在應力松弛曲線中。 |
| Blueing | 發(fā)藍 |
Application of blue dye (‘engineers’ blue’) to identify high spots on surfaces in contact, or for marking out. 應用藍色染料（“工程師藍”）來識別接觸表面上的高點，或用于標記。 |
| Tangential load (Unit N) | 切向荷載（單位：N） |
The component of load applied to an object, such as a gear, that tends to cause or resist rotation. 旋轉(zhuǎn)力施加在物體上的載荷分量，如齒輪，傾向于引起或阻止旋轉(zhuǎn)。 |
| Screw machine | 螺絲機 |
A machine tool for high-volume manufacture of small turned components from rod or bar. 一種用棒或棒大批量制造小零件的機床。 |
| Batch | 一批 |
A definite quantity of some product or material produced under conditions that are considered uniform. A batch is usually smaller than a lot. 在被認為是均勻的條件下生產(chǎn)的一定數(shù)量的某些產(chǎn)品或材料。批次通常小于很多。 |
| Lead screw | 絲杠 |
The master screw running along the length of the bed of a lathe from which all screws threads on that machine are cut. Master screw used for cutting a screw thread in a lathe. 沿車床床身長度方向運行的主螺釘，該機床上的所有螺釘和螺紋都從主螺釘上切割下來。用于在車床上切削螺紋的主螺釘。 |
| Densimeter | 密度計 |
An instrument used to determine the density or relative density of a solid or liquid. 用于測定固體或液體的密度或相對密度的儀器。 |
| Cohesive zone | 凝聚力區(qū) |
In fracture-mechanics modelling and simulation, the region at the crack tip over which an assumed traction (load-displacement) relation has to be overcome to permit initiation and propagation of a crack. 在斷裂力學建模和模擬中，必須克服假定的牽引（載荷-位移）關系以允許裂紋萌生和擴展的裂紋尖端區(qū)域。 |
| Remaining stress | 殘留應力 |
The stress remaining at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. See also stress relaxation. 在應力松弛試驗期間在給定時間內(nèi)剩余的應力。參見壓力松弛。 |
| Materials science | 材料科學 |
The study of the properties, behaviour, and application of solid substances such as metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers, composites, biomaterials, and semiconductors, at all scales from the atomic to the macroscopic. The topic has its origins in metallurgy. 研究金屬、陶瓷、玻璃、聚合物、復合材料、生物材料和半導體等固體物質(zhì)的特性、行為和應用，涵蓋從原子到宏觀的所有范圍。起源于冶金學。 |
| Grip length | 夾緊長度 |
Combined thickness of all the things clamped together by the bolt and nut, including washers, gaskets, and joint members. 由螺栓和螺母夾緊在一起的所有部件的總厚度，包括墊圈、墊圈和接頭構(gòu)件。 |
| Power | 力能 |
The rate of doing work or of producing or consuming energy. The unit of power is the watt, W, where 1 W = 1 N m/s. 做功或產(chǎn)生或消耗能量的速度。功率單位為瓦特，W，其中1W=1N m/s。 |
| Biomechanics | 生物力學 |
The application of mechanical-engineering principles, including thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and solid mechanics together with materials engineering, to biological systems. 機械工程原理（包括熱力學、流體力學和固體力學以及材料工程）在生物系統(tǒng)中的應用。 |
| Junker machine | 容克機 |
A test machine, first proposed by Gerhard Junker, for testing the vibration resistance of fasteners. 由Gerhard Junker首次提出的測試機，用于測試緊固件的抗振性。 |
| Starting torque (Unit N.m) | 起動扭矩（單位：N.m） |
The torque developed by a motor at zero rotational speed in order to initiate rotation of the applied load. 電機在零轉(zhuǎn)速下產(chǎn)生的扭矩，以啟動所施加負載的旋轉(zhuǎn)。 |
| Anode | 陽極 |
That electrode in a battery or corrosion cell which produces electrons. It is the electrode which is destroyed (corrodes). 電池或腐蝕電池中產(chǎn)生電子的電極。被破壞（腐蝕）的是電極。 |
| Physical testing | 物理測試 |
Methods used to determine the entire range of physical properties of a material. In addition to density and thermal, electrical, and magnetic properties, physical testing methods can be used to assess simple fundamental physical properties such as color, crystalline form, and melting point. 用于確定材料整個物理特性范圍的方法。除了密度和熱、電、磁特性外，物理測試方法還可用于評估簡單的基本物理特性，如顏色、結(jié)晶形式和熔點。 |
| Shoulder bolt | 軸肩螺栓 |
A bolt for which the unthreaded cylindrical section between the thread and the head is of larger diameter than the threaded section, precisely machined to length and diameter and hardened 一種螺栓，其螺紋和頭部之間的無螺紋圓柱段的直徑大于螺紋段的直徑，精確加工至長度和直徑并硬化 |
| Total energy (Unit J) | 總能量（單位J） |
The sum of all forms of energy associated with a system, including kinetic, potential, internal, magnetic, chemical, and electrical energy. 與系統(tǒng)相關的所有形式能量的總和，包括動能、勢能、內(nèi)能、磁能、化學能和電能。 |
| Safety valve (safety-relief valve) | 安全閥（安全泄壓閥） |
A mechanical valve, fitted by law to all pressure vessels (e.g. steam boilers), which opens to prevent the internal pressure exceeding the maximum design value for that vessel. The valve closes again once the pressure reduces to a safe level. 根據(jù)法律安裝在所有壓力容器（如蒸汽鍋爐）上的機械閥，其打開以防止內(nèi)部壓力超過該容器的最大設計值。一旦壓力降至安全水平，閥門將再次關閉。 |
| Permanent set | 永久變形 |
The deformation or strain remaining in a previously stressed body after release of load. 釋放荷載后，先前受力物體中剩余的變形或應變。 |
| Actual power | 實際功率 |
(actual horsepower) (Unit W or hp) The power delivered at the output shaft of an engine, before subsequent transmission through a gearbox etc. （實際馬力）（單位W或hp）在隨后通過變速箱等傳輸之前，在發(fā)動機輸出軸上傳遞的功率。 |
| Profilometer | 輪廓儀 |
An instrument used to quantify the roughness of a surface. For a contact profilometer, a diamond stylus sweeps across the surface along a series of parallel lines. Noncontact profilometers use optical techniques to map the surface irregularities. 用于量化表面粗糙度的儀器。對于接觸式輪廓儀，鉆石觸針沿一系列平行線掃過表面。非接觸式輪廓儀使用光學技術(shù)繪制表面不規(guī)則。 |
| Lubricant | 潤滑劑 |
Any substance interposed between two surfaces for the purpose of reducing the friction or wear between them. 為了減少兩個表面之間的摩擦或磨損而置于兩個表面間的任何物質(zhì)。 |
| Shim | 墊片 |
A thin piece of material, such as metal of accurately-known thickness, placed between two surfaces to ensure they are the correct distance apart. A thin piece of material placed between two surfaces to obtain a proper fit, adjustment, or alignment. The piece can also be analyzed to measure furnace carbon potential (that is, because while in the furnace it will quickly carburize to a level equal to the furnace carbon potential). 一塊薄的材料，如厚度精確已知的金屬，放置在兩個表面之間，以確保它們之間的距離正確。放置在兩個表面之間以獲得適當配合、調(diào)整或?qū)R的一塊薄材料。還可以對工件進行分析，以測量熔爐碳勢（也就是說，在熔爐中，工件將快速滲碳至與熔爐碳勢能相等的水平）。 |
| Plastic deformation | 塑性變形 |
The permanent (inelastic) distortion of a material under applied stress that strains the material beyond its elastic limit. 材料在施加應力下的永久（非彈性）變形，使材料應變超過其彈性極限。 |
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