| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Fatigue striations | 疲勞條紋 |
Parallel lines frequently observed in electron microscope fractographs or fatigue-fracture surfaces. The lines are transverse to the direction of local crack propagation; the distance between successive lines represents the advance of the crack front during the one cycle of stress variation. 在電子顯微鏡斷口圖或疲勞斷口表面中經(jīng)常觀察到平行線。這些線橫向于局部裂紋擴展方向；連續(xù)線之間的距離表示在一個應(yīng)力變化周期內(nèi)裂紋前沿的前進。 |
| Spring temper | 彈簧回火 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about two-thirds of the way from full hard to extra spring temper. 非鐵合金和一些鐵合金的一種回火，其特點是抗拉強度和硬度約為全硬回火到超彈性回火的三分之二。 |
| Screw displacement | 螺桿位移 |
A rotation of a rigid body about an axis accompanied by a translation of the body along the same axis. 剛體繞軸旋轉(zhuǎn)，同時剛體沿同一軸平移。 |
| Elastic strain energy | 彈性應(yīng)變能 |
The energy expended by the action of external forces in deforming a body elastically. Essentially, all the work performed during elastic deformation is stored as elastic energy, and this energy is recovered upon release of the applied force. 在外力作用下使物體彈性變形所消耗的能量。本質(zhì)上，彈性變形過程中所做的所有功都以彈性能的形式存儲，并且在釋放所施加的力時恢復(fù)該能量。 |
| Thread grinding | 螺紋磨削 |
A method for producing or finishing very precise screw threads using a profiled grinding wheel. 一種使用異形砂輪生產(chǎn)或精加工非常精密螺紋的方法。 |
| Rupture stress | 斷裂應(yīng)力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as breaking stress. 失效時的應(yīng)力。也稱為破裂應(yīng)力。 |
| Transformation temperature | 相變溫度 |
The temperature at which a change in phase occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range. The following symbols are used for iron and steels. 發(fā)生相位變化的溫度。該術(shù)語有時用于表示轉(zhuǎn)變范圍的極限溫度。以下符號用于鋼鐵。 |
| Acoustic droplet ejection | 聲液滴噴射 |
The ejection of small droplets from the surface of a liquid that results from focusing high-intensity ultrasound near the surface. 由于在表面附近聚焦高強度超聲波而從液體表面噴射出小液滴。 |
| Hoseclip | 軟管夾 |
(hose clamp) A circular metal band, one end of which has a screw mechanism through which passes the other end such that the screw engages with indentations in the band, allowing the clip to be tightened or loosened. Used to hold a hose on to a pipe such as a water outlet. （軟管夾）一種圓形金屬帶，其一端有一個螺釘組織，另一端穿過該螺釘組織，使螺釘與帶子上的凹口嚙合，從而可以擰緊或松開夾子。用于將軟管固定在管道上，例如出水口。 |
| Temperature factor | 溫度系數(shù) |
A calibration constant used in ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. Accounts for the effects of thermal expansion and the temperature-induced change in the velocity of sound. 用于螺栓應(yīng)力或應(yīng)變超聲波測量的校準(zhǔn)常數(shù)。說明了熱膨脹和溫度引起的聲速變化的影響。 |
| Tightness, acceptable | 密封性，可接受的 |
Wholly leak-free joints are impossible, at least if the contained fluid is a gas, so it has been proposed that the design of a gasketed joint should start with the selection of an ‘‘a(chǎn)cceptable’’ leak rate. The designer would dimension bolts and joint members so that the actual leak rate would never exceed this. Three standard levels of tightness have been proposed as well. 至少在所含流體為氣體的情況下，完全無泄漏的接頭是不可能的，因此有人建議，墊圈接頭的設(shè)計應(yīng)從選擇“可接受”的泄漏率開始。設(shè)計師將確定螺栓和接頭構(gòu)件的尺寸，以便實際泄漏率永遠不會超過此值。還提出了三種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的密封性等級。 |
| Plane-stress fracture toughness (Kc) | 平面應(yīng)力斷裂韌性（Kc） |
In linear-elastic fracture mechanics, the value of the crack-extension resistance at the instability condition determined from the tangency between the R-curve and the critical crack-extension force curve of the specimen. 在線彈性斷裂力學(xué)中，由試樣的R曲線和臨界裂紋擴展力曲線之間的切線確定的不穩(wěn)定條件下裂紋擴展阻力的值。 |
| Load factor (F) | 負載系數(shù)（F） |
The ratio between an increase in bolt tension and the external load which has caused the increase. Factors reflecting the probability of an increase in load in a shear joint. Used in load and resistant factor design. 螺栓張力增加與導(dǎo)致增加的外部載荷之間的比率。反映剪切接縫中荷載增加概率的系數(shù)。用于載荷和阻力系數(shù)設(shè)計。 |
| Fracture test | 斷裂試驗 |
A test in which a specimen is broken and its fracture surface is examined with the unaided eye or with a low-power microscope to determine such factors as composition, grain size, case depth, or internal discontinuities. 1. The recording of load-deflexion (or stress–strain) in a specimen loaded monotonically until it breaks in tension, compression, shear, or torsion. 2. In fatigue, determination of the number of cycles to fracture for a specimen under different patterns of repeated loading. 3. Experiments to determine fracture toughness. 一種試驗，其中試樣被破壞并用肉眼或低倍顯微鏡檢查其斷裂表面，以確定成分、晶粒尺寸、表層深度或內(nèi)部不連續(xù)性等因素。1.記錄單調(diào)加載試樣的載荷偏轉(zhuǎn)（或應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變），直到其在拉伸、壓縮、剪切或扭轉(zhuǎn)中斷裂。2.在疲勞技術(shù)中，確定試樣在不同重復(fù)載荷模式下的斷裂循環(huán)次數(shù)。3.測定斷裂韌性的實驗。 |
| Widmanst?tten structure | 魏氏組織 |
A structure characterized by a geometrical pattern resulting from the formation of a new phase along certain crystallographic planes of the parent solid solution. The orientation of the lattice in the new phase is related crystallographically to the orientation of the lattice in the parent phase. The structure is readily produced in many alloys by appropriate heat treatment. 一種結(jié)構(gòu)，其特征是沿母體固溶體的某些晶體學(xué)平面形成新相而形成的幾何圖案。新相中晶格的取向在晶體學(xué)上與母相中晶格的定向相關(guān)。通過適當(dāng)?shù)臒崽幚恚谠S多合金中容易產(chǎn)生這種結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Newton’s law of gravitation | 牛頓萬有引力定律 |
(Newton’s law of universal gravitation) Any two bodies exert a gravitational force of attraction F on each other directed along the line joining their centres of mass, in magnitude proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between them. （牛頓萬有引力定律）任何兩個物體沿其質(zhì)心連接線相互施加引力F，其大小與其質(zhì)量乘積成正比，與它們之間距離r的平方成反比。 |
| Population | 集合 |
The hypothetical collection of all possible test specimens that could be prepared in the specified way from the material under consideration. Also known as universe. 從所考慮的材料中以規(guī)定方式制備的所有可能試樣的假設(shè)集合。也稱為體系。 |
| Final annealing | 最終退火 |
An imprecise term used to denote the last anneal given to a nonferrous alloy prior to shipment. 一個不精確的術(shù)語，用于表示有色金屬合金在裝運前的最后一次退火。 |
| Stress cycles endured (N) | 承受的應(yīng)力循環(huán)（N） |
The number of cycles of a specified character (that produce fluctuating stress and strain) that a specimen has endured at any time in its stress history. 試樣在其應(yīng)力歷史中任何時間所經(jīng)受的特定特征（產(chǎn)生波動應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變）的循環(huán)次數(shù)。 |
| Cemented carbides | 硬質(zhì)合金 |
Sintered mixtures of refractory metal carbides (e.g. tungsten carbide) in a metal matrix binder such as cobalt, nickel, or iron. They have high melting point, toughness, compressive strength, and wear resistance. Applications include use in grinding wheels and papers, cutting tools, drill bits, wire-drawing dies, and ball-point pen tips. Sometimes known as hard metals when the application is to machine tools. 難熔金屬碳化物（如碳化鎢）在金屬基體粘結(jié)劑（如鈷、鎳或鐵）中的燒結(jié)混合物。它們具有高熔點、韌性、抗壓強度和耐磨性。應(yīng)用包括用于砂輪和紙張、切削工具、鉆頭、拉絲模和圓珠筆尖。當(dāng)應(yīng)用于機床時，有時稱為硬金屬。 |
| Tightness | 緊密度 |
A measure of the mass leak rate from a gasketed joint. 墊圈接頭質(zhì)量泄漏率的測量值。 |
| Centrifugal fan | 離心風(fēng)機 |
A machine with a rotor consisting of a number of blades mounted around a hub and used for moving air or other gases. The gas enters the rotor axially and is discharged radially at increased pressure. 一種帶有轉(zhuǎn)子的機器，轉(zhuǎn)子由安裝在輪轂周圍的許多葉片組成，用于移動空氣或其他氣體。氣體軸向進入轉(zhuǎn)子并在增加的壓力下徑向排出。 |
| V-belt | 三角帶 |
A drive belt having a trapezoidal cross section which runs in pulleys with V-shaped grooves. Higher torques can be transmitted than with a flat belt. 一種具有梯形橫截面的傳動帶，在帶V形槽的皮帶輪中運行。與平皮帶相比，可以傳遞更高的扭矩。 |
| Proportional limit | 比例極限 |
The greatest stress a material is capable of developing without a deviation from straight-line proportionality between stress and strain. 材料能夠產(chǎn)生的最大應(yīng)力不偏離應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變之間的直線比例。 |
| Materials selection | 材料選擇 |
The process of selecting the most suitable material for a particular application. In the case of solid materials, it involves assessment of candidate materials in terms of their physical properties (density, elastic moduli, fracture toughness, yield strength, hardness, fatigue resistance, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, resistance to thermal shock, creep resistance, corrosion resistance, radiation resistance, etc), and such factors as the function of the final product, its shape, method of manufacture, required tolerances, number to be made, ease of inspection and quality control, cost, and design methodology employed. 為特定應(yīng)用選擇最合適材料的過程。對于固體材料，它涉及根據(jù)其物理特性（密度、彈性模量、斷裂韌性、屈服強度、硬度、抗疲勞性、熱膨脹系數(shù)、導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)、抗熱沖擊性、抗蠕變性、耐腐蝕性、抗輻射性等）評估候選材料，以及諸如最終產(chǎn)品的功能、其形狀、制造方法、所需公差、制造數(shù)量、檢查和質(zhì)量控制的容易程度、成本和采用的設(shè)計方法等因素。 |
| Temper color | 回火顏色 |
A thin, tightly adhering oxide skin that forms when steel is tempered at a low temperature, or for a short time, in air or a mildly oxidizing atmosphere. The color, which ranges from straw to blue depending on the thickness of the oxide skin, varies with both tempering time and temperature. 一種薄的、緊密粘附的氧化皮，當(dāng)鋼在低溫或短時間內(nèi)在空氣或輕度氧化氣氛中回火時形成。顏色范圍從稻草色到藍色，取決于氧化皮的厚度，隨回火時間和溫度而變化。 |
| Compounding | 復(fù)合串聯(lián) |
In a steam engine (compound steam engine) or impulse turbine, the progressive reduction in pressure (expansion) across two or more stages in series. 在蒸汽機（復(fù)合蒸汽機）或脈沖渦輪機中，通過串聯(lián)的兩個或多個級逐漸降低壓力（膨脹）。 |
| Critical compression ratio | 臨界壓縮比 |
1. The compression ratio for incipient knock of hydrocarbon fuels as determined in a variable-compression single-cylinder piston engine. 2. The compression ratio at which an air–fuel mixture will spontaneously ignite due to the temperature increase produced. 1.在可變壓縮單缸活塞發(fā)動機中確定的烴類燃料初期爆震的壓縮比。2.空氣-燃料混合物由于產(chǎn)生的溫度升高而自燃的壓縮比。 |
| Elastic interactions | 彈性相互作用 |
When a bolt is tightened it partially compresses the joint members ‘‘in its own neighborhood.’’ When nearby bolts are tightened later, they further compress the joint in this region. This allows the first bolt to relax a little (lose a little preload). Tightening bolts on the opposite side of the joint, however, might increase preload in some of the earlier bolts tightened on the near side. These shifts and changes in the elastic energy stored in individual bolts, during assembly, are called elastic interactions. 當(dāng)螺栓擰緊時，它會“在其自身附近”部分壓縮接頭構(gòu)件稍后擰緊附近的螺栓時，進一步壓縮該區(qū)域的接頭。這允許第一個螺栓稍微松弛（失去一點預(yù)載）。但擰緊接頭另一側(cè)的螺栓可能會增加早期在近側(cè)擰緊的一些螺栓的預(yù)載。在裝配過程中，儲存在單個螺栓中的彈性能量的這些位移和變化稱為彈性相互作用。 |
| Intercritical annealing | 臨界退火 |
Any annealing treatment that involves heating to, and holding at, a temperature between the upper and lower critical temperatures to obtain partial austenitization, followed by either slow cooling or holding at a temperature below the lower critical temperature. 任何退火處理，包括加熱至并保持在上臨界溫度和下臨界溫度之間的溫度，以獲得部分奧氏體化，然后緩慢冷卻或保持在低于下臨界溫度的溫度。 |
| Gasket m-factor | 墊片m系數(shù) |
For a gasketed joint of area A in which the clamping force is F, the factor m is defined by F ≥ mpA where p is the pressure that would separate the two halves of the joint and m > 1. 對于面積為A且夾緊力為F的墊片接頭，系數(shù)m由F≥mpA定義，其中p是分離接頭兩半的壓力，m>1。 |
| Abrasion | 磨損 |
The removal of surface material by the scratching action of hard particles, either deliberately (abrasive papers, abrasive cleaning, abrasive machining) or as a consequence of operation (wear). 通過硬質(zhì)顆粒的刮擦作用去除表面材料，可以是故意的（砂紙、研磨清潔、研磨加工），也可以是操作的結(jié)果（磨損）。 |
| Socket wrench | 套筒扳手 |
A form of spanner with an internally ridged steel socket to fit a nut or the head of a bolt or screw. 扳手的一種形式，帶有內(nèi)脊鋼套筒，用于安裝螺母或螺栓或螺釘?shù)念^部。 |
| Spalling | 剝落 |
The separation of macroscopic particles from a surface in the form of flakes or chips. 以薄片或碎片形式從表面分離宏觀顆粒。 |
| Terminal velocity (Unit m/s) | 終端速度（單位：m/s） |
The velocity reached by an object in free fall through a fluid when the upward drag and buoyancy forces just balance the object’s weight. For an object with a density lower than that of the fluid, the terminal velocity is vertically upwards. 當(dāng)向上的阻力和浮力正好平衡物體的重量時，物體自由下落通過流體達到的速度。對于密度低于流體密度的物體，終端速度垂直向上。 |
| Stress-strain diagram | 應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變圖 |
A graph in which corresponding values of stress and strain are plotted against each other. Values of stress are usually plotted vertically(ordinates or y-axis) and values of strain horizontally (abscissas or xaxis). Also known as deformation curve and stress-strain curve. 對應(yīng)的應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變值相對繪制的圖表。應(yīng)力值通常垂直繪制（縱坐標(biāo)或y軸），應(yīng)變值水平繪制（橫坐標(biāo)或X軸）。也稱為變形曲線和應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線。 |
| Ultrasonic method | 超聲波法 |
Measuring elongation uses a sound pulse, generated at one end of a bolt, that travels the length of a bolt, bounces off the far end, and returns to the sound generator in a measured period of time. 測量伸長使用在螺栓一端產(chǎn)生的聲音脈沖，該脈沖沿螺栓長度傳播，從遠端反彈，并在測量的時間段內(nèi)返回到聲音發(fā)生器。 |
| Gearbox | 變速箱 |
A mechanism consisting of meshing gears which transmit power and torque to an output shaft from an input shaft directly connected to an engine. The mechanism is normally contained within a casing filled with lubricating oil. The diagram shows a simple four-speed sliding-mesh gearbox in which gears with different numbers of teeth are slid along parallel splined shafts within the gearbox to mesh with each other and change the ratio of output to input speed (gear ratio). 一種由嚙合齒輪組成的機構(gòu)，將動力和扭矩從直接連接到發(fā)動機的輸入軸傳遞到輸出軸。該機構(gòu)通常包含在充滿潤滑油的外殼內(nèi)。示例一個簡單的四速滑動嚙合齒輪箱，其中具有不同齒數(shù)的齒輪沿著齒輪箱內(nèi)的平行花鍵軸滑動，以相互嚙合并改變輸出與輸入速度的比率（齒輪比）。 |
| Grain-boundary liquation | 晶界液化 |
An advanced stage of overheating in which material in the region of austenitic grain boundaries melts. 奧氏體晶界區(qū)域的材料熔化的過熱階段。 |
| System engineering | 系統(tǒng)工程 |
A methodology which integrates all disciplines and specialty groups into a team effort, forming a structured development process that proceeds from concept to production to operation. 一種將所有學(xué)科和專業(yè)組整合到團隊工作中的方法，形成從概念到生產(chǎn)再到運營的結(jié)構(gòu)化開發(fā)過程。 |
| Transmission dynamometer | 傳動測功機 |
A dynamometer in which the power transmitted by a shaft is obtained from the product of its rotation speed and the torque determined from measured shear strains along the shaft. 一種測功機，其中軸傳遞的功率由其轉(zhuǎn)速和扭矩的乘積獲得，扭矩由沿軸測得的剪切應(yīng)變確定。 |
| Congruent transformation | 全等變換 |
An isothermal or isobaric phase change in which both of the phases concerned have the same composition throughout the process. 等溫或等壓相變，其中相關(guān)的兩個相在整個過程中具有相同的成分。 |
| Milling | 銑削 |
A machining process, typically for metals and plastics, in which a multi-tooth rotary cutter removes material to produce flat or profiled surfaces, slots, grooves, etc. Milling is a machining process in which metal is removed by a rotating multiple-tooth cutter; each tooth removes a small amount of metal with each revolution of the spindle. Because both workpiece and cutter can be moved in more than one direction at the same time, surfaces having almost any orientation can be machined. 一種加工工藝，通常用于金屬和塑料，其中多齒旋轉(zhuǎn)刀具去除材料以產(chǎn)生平坦或異形表面、槽、槽等。金屬由旋轉(zhuǎn)多齒刀具去除；主軸每轉(zhuǎn)一圈，每個齒都會去除少量金屬。因為工件和刀具可以同時在多個方向上移動，所以幾乎可以加工任何方向的表面。 |
| Fine pitch | 細牙螺紋 |
Fine pitch threads are often used within the automotive industry. They are more easily tapped into harder materials and have less tendency to loosen. 細螺距螺紋通常用于汽車行業(yè)。它們更容易被敲入較硬的材料中，并且不太容易松動。 |
| Proof stress | 彈性極限應(yīng)力 |
(1) The stress that will cause a specified small permanent set in a material. (2) A specified stress to be applied to a member or structure to indicate its ability to withstand service loads. （1）在材料中引起規(guī)定的小永久變形的應(yīng)力。（2）施加在構(gòu)件或結(jié)構(gòu)上的規(guī)定應(yīng)力，以表明其承受工作荷載的能力。 |
| Coalescence | 聚結(jié) |
Growth of grains at the expense of the remainder by absorption or the growth of a phase or particle at the expense of the remainder by absorption or reprecipitation. 通過吸收以犧牲剩余為代價的晶粒的生長或以通過吸收或再沉淀為代價的以剩余為代價的相或顆粒的生長。 |
| Centrifugal pump | 離心泵 |
A pump into which liquid enters axially through the eye of the casing and is then accelerated through an impeller, thereby increasing both its kinetic energy and pressure before being delivered to a ring diffuser (the volute) that further increases the liquid pressure and from which it leaves. 一種泵，液體通過泵殼的眼軸向進入，然后通過葉輪加速，從而在輸送到環(huán)形擴散器（蝸殼）之前增加其動能和壓力，從而進一步增加液體壓力并從中流出樹葉。 |
| Guided-bend test | 導(dǎo)向彎曲試驗 |
A test in which the specimen is bent to a definite shape by means of a punch (mandrel) and a bottom block. 用沖頭（心軸）和底塊將試樣彎曲成一定形狀的試驗。 |
| Self-loosening | 自松動 |
The process by which a supposedly tightened fastener becomes loose, as a result of vibration, thermal cycles, shock, or anything else which cause transverse slip between joint members and between male and female threads. Vibration loosening is a common, but special, case of self-loosening. 由于振動、熱循環(huán)、沖擊或任何其他導(dǎo)致接頭構(gòu)件之間以及陽螺紋和陰螺紋之間橫向滑動的原因，緊固件松動的過程。振動松動是自松動的一種常見但特殊的情況。 |
| Coining | 壓印 |
A forging operation, employing a closely-fitting punch and die from which no metal is allowed to escape, in which the surface pattern on the punch and die is imprinted on the blank. 一種鍛造操作，采用緊密配合的凸模和模具，不允許金屬逸出，其中凸模和模具上的表面圖案印在坯料上。 |
| Transfer machines | 轉(zhuǎn)印機 |
These specialized machine tools are used to perform various machining operations on parts or parts in fixtures as the parts are moved along on an automatic conveyor which is part of the machine tool set-up. In a set-up, the parts can move in a straight line from their entry point to their exit point, or the setup may be constructed in a U-shape so that the parts are expelled near where they start. 當(dāng)零件在自動輸送機上移動時，這些專用機床用于對零件或夾具中的零件執(zhí)行各種加工操作，自動輸送機是機床設(shè)置的一部分。在設(shè)置中，零件可以從其入口點直線移動到其出口點，或者設(shè)置可以構(gòu)造為U形，以便零件在其起點附近排出。 |
| Grain growth | 晶粒生長 |
An increase in the average size of the grains in polycrystalline metal, usually as a result of heating at elevated temperature. 多晶金屬中晶粒平均尺寸的增加，通常是高溫加熱的結(jié)果。 |
| Initial strain | 初始應(yīng)變 |
The strain in a specimen immediately upon achieving the given loading conditions in a creep test (before creep occurs). Sometimes referred to as instantaneous strain. 在蠕變試驗中（蠕變發(fā)生之前）達到給定載荷條件后，試樣立即產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)變。有時稱為瞬時應(yīng)變。 |
| Concentration ratio | 濃度比 |
For a concentrating solar collector, the ratio of the projected area of the concentrator facing the solar beam to the actual area of the receiver. 對于聚光太陽能集熱器，集中器面向太陽光束的投影面積與接收器的實際面積之比。 |
| Crack size (a) | 裂紋尺寸（a） |
A lineal measure of a principal planar dimension of a crack. This measure is commonly used in the calculation of quantities descriptive of the stress and displacement fields. In practice, the value of crack size is obtained from procedures for measurement of physical crack size, original crack size, or effective crack size, as appropriate to the situation under consideration. 裂紋主平面尺寸的線性度量。這種測量通常用于計算描述應(yīng)力場和位移場的量。在實踐中，裂紋尺寸的值是通過測量物理裂紋尺寸、原始裂紋尺寸或有效裂紋尺寸的程序獲得的，視情況而定。 |
| Wind energy (Unit kJ) | 風(fēng)能（單位kJ） |
The kinetic energy associated with wind that can be converted by a wind energy conversion system (WECS) into electrical or mechanical power by a rotor, such as a multi-bladed propeller, exposed to the wind. If the air density is ρ and the wind speed is V, then the kinetic energy flux is ρV3/2. The actual wind power that can be extracted by a wind turbine intercepting a cross section of wind A is CPρAV3/2 where CP is an empirical efficiency factor termed the power coefficient. The wind-energy distribution is a histogram of the calculated wind power that can be generated annually from the windspeed frequency distribution at a given location. A windmill generates mechanical power whereas a wind turbine (wind generator) generates electrical power. The largest wind turbine, manufactured by MHI Vestas, has a power rating of 9.5 MW, a rotor diameter of 164 m, and a hub height of 105 m (the highest wind turbines have heights in the region of 190 m). A wind farm is an array of wind turbines, typically ten to several hundred, at a single location, either onshore or offshore. Energy derived from wind is a major contributor to sustainable energy generation. The largest operational offshore wind farm, located in the Irish Sea, has 87 turbines and a total generating capacity of 659 MW. The largest onshore wind farm is in Kern County, California with some 586 turbines and a total capacity of 1 550 MW. 風(fēng)能轉(zhuǎn)換系統(tǒng)（WECS）可通過暴露于風(fēng)中的轉(zhuǎn)子（如多葉片螺旋槳）將與風(fēng)相關(guān)的動能轉(zhuǎn)換為電能或機械能。如果空氣密度為ρ，風(fēng)速為V，則動能通量為ρV3/2?？捎山孬@風(fēng)a橫截面的風(fēng)力渦輪機提取的實際風(fēng)功率為CPρAV3/2，其中CP是稱為功率系數(shù)的經(jīng)驗效率因子。風(fēng)能分布是根據(jù)給定位置處的風(fēng)速頻率分布每年可產(chǎn)生的計算風(fēng)力的直方圖。風(fēng)車產(chǎn)生機械功率，而風(fēng)力渦輪機（風(fēng)力發(fā)電機）產(chǎn)生電功率。MHI Vestas制造的最大風(fēng)力渦輪機的額定功率為9.5MW，轉(zhuǎn)子直徑為164m，輪轂高度為105m（最高風(fēng)力渦輪機的高度為190m）。風(fēng)電場是一系列風(fēng)力渦輪機，通常為十到幾百臺，位于單一位置，無論是陸上還是海上。風(fēng)能是可持續(xù)能源發(fā)電的主要貢獻者。最大的海上風(fēng)電場位于愛爾蘭海，擁有87臺渦輪機，總發(fā)電容量為659MW。最大的陸上風(fēng)電場位于加利福尼亞州克恩縣，擁有約586臺渦輪機，總?cè)萘繛?550兆瓦。 |
| Vapour–pressure curve | 蒸汽壓力曲線 |
For a pure substance, the curve of saturation pressure plotted vs saturation temperature. 對于純物質(zhì)，繪制了飽和壓力與飽和溫度的曲線。 |
| Clearance fit | 間隙配合 |
A range of clearances ranging from close sliding to loose running, i.e. a fit in which the limits for the mating parts always permit assembly. 從緊密滑動到松動運行的一系列間隙，即配合零件的限制始終允許組裝的配合。 |
| Fillet | 圓角 |
Transition region between bolt head and shank, or between other changes in diameter. 螺栓頭和螺栓桿之間的過渡區(qū)域，或其他直徑變化之間的過渡區(qū)域。 |
| Cap screw | 帽螺釘 |
A bolt where the thread runs right up to the head and engages in a threaded hole or captive nut in an adjoining member. A finished screw 5mm or larger, used for fastening two pieces together by passing the screw through a clearance hole in one part and screwing in into a tapped hole in the other. A finished screw, used for fastening two pieces together by passing the screw through a clearance hole in one part and screwing it into a tapped hole in the other. Heads may be hexagon, round, flat, fillister or socket type. 一個5毫米或更大的螺釘，其螺紋一直延伸到頭部，并與相鄰構(gòu)件的螺紋孔或外加螺母嚙合,用于將兩個部件固定在一起，方法是將螺釘穿過一個部分的間隙孔，然后擰入另一個部分的螺紋孔。頭部可以是六角形、圓形、扁平形、圓角形或套筒形。 |
| Torsion-bar suspension | 扭桿懸架 |
A type of motor-vehicle suspension in which one end of a torsion bar is rigidly fixed to the chassis while the other carries a lever to which are attached the components that carry a wheel. In a torsion-beam suspension, a beam connects the wheels on either side of the vehicle. 一種汽車懸架，其中扭力桿的一端剛性固定在底盤上，而另一端帶有一個杠桿，杠桿上連接著承載車輪的部件。在扭轉(zhuǎn)梁懸架中，梁連接車輛兩側(cè)的車輪。 |
| Effective radius of nut, bolt head, or threads | 螺母、螺栓頭或螺紋的有效半徑 |
Distance between the geometric center of the part and the circle of points through which the resultant contact forces between mating parts passes. Must be determined by integration. 零件幾何中心與配合零件之間的合力通過的點圓之間的距離。必須通過積分來確定。 |
| Tangent screw | 微動螺旋 |
A worm screw used to adjust measuring instruments such as sextants and vernier callipers. 用于調(diào)整六分儀和游標(biāo)卡尺等測量儀器的蝸桿。 |
| Atmospheric pressure | 氣壓 |
The downward force exerted by the atmosphere because of its weight, (gravitational attraction to the Earth), measured by barometers, and usually expressed in units of millibars. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb.expressed in units of millibars. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb. 大氣由于其重量（對地球的引力）而施加的向下的力，用氣壓計測量，通常以毫巴為單位表示。海平面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓為1013.25mb。以毫巴為單位表示。海平面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓為1013.25mb。 |
| Rotary valve (rotating valve) | 旋轉(zhuǎn)閥 |
A cylindrical or conical plug in which there is a transverse hole through which fluid can flow when the hole is aligned with the adjacent piping. 一種圓柱形或錐形塞，其中有一個橫向孔，當(dāng)該孔與相鄰管道對齊時，流體可通過該孔流動。 |
| Destructive testing | 破壞性測試 |
Measurement of the mechanical properties of a material, component, or structure, by increased loading until the sample fails by fracture, collapse, or buckling. 通過增加載荷測量材料、部件或結(jié)構(gòu)的機械性能，直到樣品因斷裂、塌陷或屈曲而失效。 |
| Minimum material condition | 最小材料條件 |
(minimum metal condition) The situation where the volume of a manufactured component corresponds to the lower limit of all toleranced external dimensions and to the upper limit for all internal dimensions. （最小金屬條件）制造部件的體積對應(yīng)于所有公差外部尺寸的下限和所有內(nèi)部尺寸的上限的情況。 |
| Secant modulus | 割線模量 |
The slope of the secant drawn from the origin to any specified point on a stress-strain curve. Compare with chord modulus. 從原點到應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線上任何指定點的割線斜率。與弦模量進行比較。 |
| Strain gage | 應(yīng)變計 |
A device for measuring small amounts of strain produced during tensile and similar tests on metal. A coil of fine wire is mounted on a piece of paper, plastic, or similar carrier matrix (backing material), which is rectangular in shape and usually about 25 mm (1.0 in.) long. This is glued to a portion of metal under test. As the coil extends with the specimen, its electrical resistance increases in direct proportion. This is known as bonded resistance-strain gage. Other types of gages measure the actual deformation. Mechanical, optical, or electronic devices are sometimes used to magnify the strain for easier reading. 一種測量金屬拉伸和類似試驗中產(chǎn)生的少量應(yīng)變的裝置。將一卷細線安裝在一張紙、塑料或類似載體基質(zhì)（背襯材料）上，該載體基質(zhì)呈矩形，通常約25mm（1.0in.）長，這是粘在測試金屬的一部分。隨著線圈隨試樣延伸，其電阻成正比增加，這被稱為粘結(jié)電阻應(yīng)變計。其他類型的量規(guī)測量實際變形。機械、光學(xué)或電子設(shè)備有時用于放大應(yīng)變以便于讀取。 |
| Relaxation curve | 松弛曲線 |
A plot of either the remaining, or relaxed, stress as a function of time. 剩余壓力或松弛壓力隨時間變化的曲線圖。 |
| Closed-die forging | 閉模鍛造 |
The forming of a workpiece by compression within a pair of dies having the female form of the component to be manufactured (closed dies), superfluous metal being expelled as flash where the dies meet. 在一對具有待制造部件的陰模的模具（閉模）內(nèi)通過壓縮形成工件，多余的金屬在模具相遇處作為飛邊排出。 |
| Quimby screw pump | 昆比螺桿泵 |
A screw pump with two meshing screws, each having a righthand and a left-hand screw. Liquid enters at either end and is discharged from the middle. 帶有兩個嚙合螺釘?shù)穆輻U泵，每個都有一個右旋螺紋和一個左旋螺紋。液體從兩端進入，從中間排出。 |
| Direct quenching | 直接淬火 |
(1) Quenching carburized parts directly from the carburizing operation. (2) Also used for quenching pearlitic malleable parts directly from the malleablizing operation. （1） 直接從滲碳作業(yè)中淬火滲碳零件。（2） 也用于直接從可鍛操作淬火珠光體可鍛零件。 |
| Carburizing | 滲碳 |
Absorption and diffusion of carbon into solid ferrous alloys by heating, to a temperature usually above Ac3, in contact with a suitable carbonaceous material. A form of case hardening that produces a carbon gradient extending inward from the surface, enabling the surface layer to be hardened either by quenching directly from the carburizing temperature or by cooling to room temperature, then reaustenitizing and quenching. 通過與合適的含碳材料接觸加熱至通常高于Ac3的溫度，將碳吸收和擴散到固體鐵合金中。一種表面硬化形式，產(chǎn)生從表面向內(nèi)延伸的碳梯度，通過直接從滲碳溫度淬火或冷卻至室溫，然后重新奧氏體化和淬火，使表層硬化。 |
| Graphitization | 石墨化 |
Formation of graphite in iron or steel. Where graphite is formed during solidification, the phenomenon is called primary graphitization; where formed later by heat treatment, secondary graphitization. 在鐵或鋼中形成石墨。在凝固過程中形成石墨的現(xiàn)象稱為一次石墨化；后來通過熱處理，形成二次石墨化。 |
| Dislocation density | 位錯密度 |
The total length of dislocation lines per unit volume, or the number of dislocation lines that cut through a unit cross-sectional area. 每單位體積的位錯線的總長度，或穿過單位橫截面積的位錯線的數(shù)量。 |
| Sound pressure (Unit μPa) | 聲壓（單位：μPa） |
The instantaneous deviation of pressure from the ambient pressure caused by the passage of a sound wave, which can be measured by a microphone in air and a hydrophone in water. 聲波傳播引起的壓力與環(huán)境壓力的瞬時偏差，可通過空氣中的麥克風(fēng)和水中的水聽器測量。 |
| British Standards Institution (BSI) | 英國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)會（BSI） |
The Institution in the UK responsible for the preparation and publication of standard specifications (British standards) for manufactured goods, their design, manufacture and testing. 負責(zé)為制成品及其設(shè)計、制造和測試制定和發(fā)布標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范（英國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）的英國機構(gòu)。 |
| Screw conveyor | 螺旋輸送機 |
(auger, spiral conveyor, worm conveyor) A machine for bulk handling of semi-solid materials, consisting of a helical screw which rotates in a trough or casing. （螺旋輸送機、螺旋輸送機、蝸桿輸送機）一種用于散裝搬運半固態(tài)材料的機器，由在槽或外殼中旋轉(zhuǎn)的螺旋螺桿組成。 |
| Slug | 猛擊 |
1. A starting workpiece for forging and similar operations, such as a length of wire or rod to make a bolt blank on which a thread can be rolled or cut. 2. (geepound) An obsolete imperial (non-SI) unit of mass, being the mass which under an acceleration of one foot per second squared gives a force of one pound-force. The conversion to SI is 1 slug = 14.593 902 94 kg. 3. A large-scale flow structure which occurs in the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a pipe. 1.一種用于鍛造和類似操作的起始工件，如用于制造螺栓毛坯的一段線材或棒材，在該毛坯上可以軋制或切割螺紋。2.（吉磅）一種已被淘汰的英制（非國際單位制）質(zhì)量單位，在一英尺/秒平方加速度下產(chǎn)生一磅力的質(zhì)量。轉(zhuǎn)化為SI國際單位制的轉(zhuǎn)化率為1slug=14.59390294kg。3.一種大規(guī)模流動結(jié)構(gòu)，其發(fā)生在管道中從層流到湍流的過渡中。 |
| Hydrogen damage | 氫損傷 |
A general term for the embrittlement, cracking, blistering, and hydride formation that can occur when hydrogen is present in some metals. 當(dāng)氫存在于某些金屬中時可能發(fā)生的脆化、開裂、起泡和氫化物形成的總稱。 |
| Heat-treatable alloy | 可熱處理合金 |
An alloy that can be hardened by heat treatment. 一種可以通過熱處理硬化的合金。 |
| Compressive stress (Unit Pa) | 壓縮應(yīng)力（單位Pa） |
The compressive load per unit area at a point in a component. 部件中某點的每單位面積的壓縮載荷。 |
| Design pressure (Unit Pa) | 設(shè)計壓力（單位Pa） |
The greatest pressure that a closed container is expected to experience under normal operating conditions. 密閉容器在正常操作條件下預(yù)期承受的最大壓力。 |
| Cold extrusion | 冷擠壓 |
In simplest terms, cold extrusion can be defined as the forcing of unheated metal to flow through a shape-forming die. It is a method of shaping metal by plastically deforming it under compression at room temperature while the metal is within a die cavity formed by the tools. The metal issues from the die in at least one direction with the desired cross-sectional contour, as permitted by the orifice created by the tools. Cold extrusion is always performed at a temperature well below the recrystallization temperature of the metal (about 1100 to 1300 degrees F. for steel) so that work-hardening always occurs. In hot extrusion, recrystallization eliminates the effects of work-hardening, unless rapid cooling of the extrusion prevents recrystallization from being completed. 用簡單的術(shù)語來說，冷擠壓可以定義為迫使未加熱的金屬流過成形模具。這是一種通過在室溫下壓縮使金屬塑性變形來成形金屬的方法，同時金屬處于由工具形成的模腔中。金屬至少在一個方向上從模具中流出，并具有所需的橫截面輪廓，這是由工具產(chǎn)生的孔口所允許的。冷擠壓總是在遠低于金屬再結(jié)晶溫度的溫度下進行（鋼約1100至1300華氏度），因此總是發(fā)生加工硬化。在熱擠壓中，再結(jié)晶消除了加工硬化的影響，除非擠壓的快速冷卻阻止再結(jié)晶完成。 |
| Temperature (Unit K or °C) | 溫度（單位K或°C） |
A quantitative measure of the molecular kinetic energy of a substance and so how hot or cold it is. 物質(zhì)分子動能的定量量度，以及它的冷熱程度。 |
| Newton (N) | 牛頓（N） |
The basic unit of force in the SI system, defined as the force that results in an acceleration of 1 m/s2?when acting on a 1 kg mass. SI國際單位制中力的基本單位，定義為作用于1kg質(zhì)量時產(chǎn)生1m/s2加速度的力。 |
| Low-E coating | 低輻射涂層 |
(low-emittance coating) A thin metallic or metal-oxide coating on a glass sheet to absorb and reflect infrared radiation. The coating is applied either by a pyrolytic chemical vapour-deposition process (hard coat), or by sputtering (soft coat). （低輻射涂層）玻璃板上的薄金屬或金屬氧化物涂層，用于吸收和反射紅外輻射。通過熱解化學(xué)氣相沉積工藝（硬涂層）或濺射（軟涂層）施加涂層。 |
| Working load (Unit N) | 工作負荷（單位：N） |
The tension in a bolt in use; tension produced by a combination of Residual preload and a portion (usually) of any External load. The Joint diagram is usually used to predict the approximate working load a fastener will see in service. The load under which a component or structure is designed to operate under normal conditions. 螺栓在使用中的張力；殘余預(yù)載荷和部分（通常）任何外部載荷的組合產(chǎn)生的張力。連接圖通常用于預(yù)測緊固件在使用中的近似工作載荷。部件或結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計為在正常條件下運行的荷載。 |
| Shear stress (Unit Pa) | 剪應(yīng)力（單位Pa） |
(1) A stress that exists when parallel planes in metal crystals slide across each other. (2) The stress component tangential to the plane on which the forces act. Also known as tangential stress. (shearing stress, tangential stress, τ) 1. The stress which acts parallel to any plane within a solid material. It can arise due to a bending moment, a shear force, or torque applied to the body. 2. The stress corresponding to velocity gradients within a flowing viscous fluid. （剪應(yīng)力，切向應(yīng)力，τ）（1）當(dāng)金屬晶體中的平行平面彼此滑動時存在的應(yīng)力。（2）與力作用平面相切的應(yīng)力分量。也稱為切向應(yīng)力。1.平行于固體材料內(nèi)任何平面的應(yīng)力。它可能是由于施加在身體上的彎矩、剪力或扭矩引起的。2.對應(yīng)于流動粘性流體內(nèi)的速度梯度的應(yīng)力。 |
| Zero initial conditions | 零初始條件 |
The assumption normally made in control engineering that up to a start time defined as t = 0, all variables have zero value. 在控制工程中通常作出的假設(shè)，即在定義為t=0的開始時間內(nèi)，所有變量均為零值。 |
| Semiguided bend | 半導(dǎo)彎曲 |
The bend obtained by applying a force directly to the specimen in the portion that is to be bent. The specimen is either held at one end and forced around a pin or rounded edge, or is supported near the ends and bent by a force applied on the side of the specimen opposite the supports and midway between them. In some instances, the bend is started in this manner and finished in the manner of a free bend. 通過將力直接施加于待彎曲部分中的試樣而獲得的彎曲。將試樣固定在一端，并圍繞銷或圓邊施力，或者在靠近端部的位置支撐試樣，并通過施加在試樣與支撐件相對的一側(cè)以及兩者中間的力進行彎曲。在某些情況下，折彎以此方式開始，然后以自由折彎的方式結(jié)束。 |
| Breaking load (Unit N) | 斷裂負荷（單位N） |
The load applied at some point to a component or structure which leads to fracture. The breaking stress (breaking strength) is the average stress at which a member breaks, given by the breaking load divided by the area over which it acts. 在某個點施加到導(dǎo)致斷裂的部件或結(jié)構(gòu)的載荷。斷裂應(yīng)力（斷裂強度）是構(gòu)件斷裂時的平均應(yīng)力，由斷裂載荷除以其作用的面積給出。 |
| Material velocity | 材料速度 |
The velocity of sound in a body (e.g., a bolt). A term used in the ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. 聲音在物體（例如螺栓）中的速度。用于螺栓應(yīng)力或應(yīng)變的超聲波測量的術(shù)語。 |
| Allotropy | 同素異形體 |
A near synonym for polymorphism. Allotropy is generally restricted to describing polymorphic behavior in elements, terminal phases, and alloys whose behavior closely parallels that of the predominant constituent element. 多態(tài)性的近義詞。同素異形體通常僅限于描述元素、終端相和合金中的多晶型行為，其行為與主要組成元素的行為非常相似。 |
| U-tube | U型管 |
A device consisting of two vertical tubes connected at either the top or bottom by a length of tubing such that a U-shape is formed. 由兩個垂直管組成的裝置，在頂部或底部通過一段管子連接，形成U形。 |
| Cooling stresses | 冷卻應(yīng)力 |
Residual stresses resulting from nonuniform distribution of temperature during cooling. 冷卻過程中溫度分布不均勻?qū)е碌臍堄鄳?yīng)力。 |
| Aging treatment | 時效處理 |
Heat treatment aimed at age hardening; it comprises solution and precipitation treatments. 針對時效硬化的熱處理；它包括溶液和沉淀處理。 |
| Strain-hardening exponent (n value) | 應(yīng)變硬化指數(shù)（n值） |
The value n in the relationship σ = Kεn, where σ is the true stress, ε is the true strain, and K, the strength coefficient, is equal to the true stress at a true strain of 1.0. The strain hardening exponent is equal to the slope of the true stress/true strain curve up to maximum load, when plotted on log-log coordinates. The n-value relates to the ability of a sheet of material to be stretched in metalworking operations. The higher the n-value, the better the formability(stretchability). Also known as the strain-hardening coefficient. 關(guān)系式σ=Kεn中的值n，其中σ是真應(yīng)力，ε是真應(yīng)變，K是強度系數(shù)，等于真應(yīng)變?yōu)?.0時的真應(yīng)力。在對數(shù)坐標(biāo)上繪制時，應(yīng)變硬化指數(shù)等于真應(yīng)力/真應(yīng)變曲線的斜率，直到最大載荷。n值與一片材料在金屬加工操作中拉伸的能力有關(guān)。n值越高，成形性（拉伸性）越好。也稱為應(yīng)變硬化系數(shù)。 |
| Thread form | 螺紋形式 |
The cross-sectional shape of the threads, defining thread angle, root, and crest profiles, etc. Thread length Length of that portion of the fastener which contains threads cut or rolled to full depth. 螺紋的橫截面形狀，定義螺紋角度、齒根和齒冠輪廓等。螺紋長度：緊固件中包含全深度切割或軋制螺紋的部分的長度。 |
| Izod test | 懸臂梁試驗 |
A type of impact test in which a V-notched specimen, mounted vertically, is subjected to a sudden blow delivered by the weight at the end of a pendulum arm. The energy required to break off the free end is a measure of the impact strength or toughness of the material. 一種沖擊試驗，其中垂直安裝的V形切口試樣受到擺臂末端重量的突然沖擊。斷開自由端所需的能量是材料沖擊強度或韌性的量度。 |
| Thermodynamic state | 熱力學(xué)狀態(tài) |
The condition of a system or working fluid according to its properties. 系統(tǒng)或工作流體根據(jù)其性質(zhì)的狀態(tài)。 |
| Oxygen probe | 定氧測頭 |
An atmosphere-monitoring device that electronically measures the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in a furnace or furnace supply atmosphere and the external air. 一種大氣監(jiān)測裝置，以電子方式測量熔爐或熔爐供應(yīng)大氣中的氧分壓與外部空氣之間的差值。 |
| Clearance volume | 余隙容積 |
(Unit m3) The ‘dead’ volume above a piston, including the recess in the cylinder head, in a reciprocating compressor or engine when the piston is at top dead centre. （單位m3）活塞位于上止點時活塞上方的“死區(qū)”體積，包括氣缸蓋中的凹槽，在往復(fù)式壓縮機或發(fā)動機中。 |
| Solution heat treatment | 固溶熱處理 |
Heating an alloy to a suitable temperature, holding at that temperature long enough to cause one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooling rapidly enough to hold these constituents in solution. 將合金加熱到合適的溫度，在該溫度下保持足夠長的時間以使一種或多種成分進入固溶體，然后快速冷卻以將這些成分保持在溶液中。 |
| Hot strength (Unit Pa) | 熱強度（單位Pa） |
The yield stress (or sometimes fracture stress) of a material at temperatures above about half its melting point in kelvins. 材料在高于其熔點一半（以開爾文為單位）的溫度下的屈服應(yīng)力（有時為斷裂應(yīng)力）。 |
| Crack-extension force (G) | 裂紋擴展力（G） |
The elastic energy per unit of new separation area that would be made available at the front of an ideal crack in an elastic solid during a virtual increment of forward crack extension. 在向前裂紋擴展的虛擬增量期間，在彈性固體中理想裂紋的前端可獲得的每單位新分離面積的彈性能量。 |
| Bolt blank | 螺栓毛坯 |
A rod on which a head has been formed, but on which no thread has been cut, from which bolts or screws may be made as required. 一種已形成頭部但未切割螺紋的桿，可根據(jù)需要從中制造螺栓或螺釘。 |
| Burning | 燃燒化 |
(1) Permanently damaging a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation. See overheating, grain-boundary liquation. (2) In grinding, getting the work hot enough to cause discoloration or to change the microstructure by tempering or hardening. （1）通過加熱導(dǎo)致初期熔化或晶間氧化而永久損壞金屬或合金。參見過熱、晶界液化。（2）在磨削過程中，使工件熱到足以引起變色或通過回火或硬化改變微觀結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| mechanical engineering | 機械工業(yè) |
That branch of engineering concerned with energy conversion, stress analysis, vibration, dynamics, and kinematics, especially applied to design (machine design, mechanical-engineering design). 與能量轉(zhuǎn)換、應(yīng)力分析、振動、動力學(xué)和運動學(xué)有關(guān)的工程分支，尤其適用于設(shè)計（機器設(shè)計、機械工程設(shè)計）。 |
| Crank angle (Unit °) | 曲柄角度（單位°） |
The angle between the crank of a slider-crank mechanism and a line from the crankshaft centreline to the piston axis. 曲柄滑塊機構(gòu)的曲柄與曲軸中心線到活塞軸線的直線之間的角度。 |
| Thermodynamic properties | 熱力學(xué)性質(zhì) |
Temperature, pressure, and the intensive properties that define the state of a working fluid: specific internal energy, specific enthalpy and specific entropy. 溫度、壓力和定義工作流體狀態(tài)的密集屬性：比內(nèi)能、比焓和比熵。 |
| Embedment | 嵌入 |
Localized plastic deformation in heavily loaded fasteners allows one part to sink into, or smooth the surface of, a softer or more heavily loaded second part. Nuts embed themselves in joint surfaces. Bolt threads embed themselves in nut threads, etc. 重載緊固件中的局部塑性變形允許一個零件陷入較軟或更重載的第二零件中，或使其表面光滑。螺母嵌入接合面中。例如螺栓螺紋嵌入螺母螺紋等。 |
| Chain dimensioning | 鏈條尺寸標(biāo)注 |
On an engineering drawing, where the end point of one dimension is the starting point for the next. Parallel dimensioning is preferred as chain dimensioning can lead to the accumulation of tolerances. 在工程圖紙上，其中一個尺寸的終點是下一個的起點。平行尺寸標(biāo)注是首選，因為鏈尺寸標(biāo)注可能導(dǎo)致公差累積。 |
| Drift pin | 沖頭 |
A round tapered steel pin used to align rivet holes so that the rivet will pass through the holes easily. 用于對齊鉚釘孔的圓形錐形鋼銷，以便鉚釘輕松穿過孔。 |
| Hydrogen-induced delayed cracking | 氫致延遲開裂 |
A term sometimes used to identify a form of hydrogen embrittlement in which a metal appears to fracture spontaneously under a steady stress less than the yield stress. There is usually a delay between the application of stress (or exposure of the stressed metal to hydrogen) and the onset of cracking. Also referred to as static fatigue. 有時用于識別一種氫脆形式的術(shù)語，其中金屬在小于屈服應(yīng)力的穩(wěn)定應(yīng)力下似乎會自發(fā)斷裂。在施加應(yīng)力（或?qū)⑹軕?yīng)力金屬暴露于氫）與開裂開始之間通常存在延遲。也稱為靜態(tài)疲勞。 |
| Power | 力能 |
The rate of doing work or of producing or consuming energy. The unit of power is the watt, W, where 1 W = 1 N m/s. 做功或產(chǎn)生或消耗能量的速度。功率單位為瓦特，W，其中1W=1N m/s。 |
| Brine quenching | 鹽水淬火 |
A quench in which brine (salt water-chlorides, carbonates, and cyanides) is the quenching medium. The salt addition improves the efficiency of water at the vapor phase or hot stage of the quenching process. 一種淬火，其中鹽水（鹽水-氯化物、碳酸鹽和氰化物）是淬火介質(zhì)。添加鹽提高了水在淬火過程的氣相或熱階段的效率。 |
| Oil quenching | 油淬 |
Hardening of carbon steel in an oil bath. Oils are categorized as conventional, fast, martempering, or hot quenching. 碳鋼在油浴中的硬化。分為常規(guī)、快速、馬氏體淬火或熱淬火。 |
| Blanking shear test | 落料剪力試驗 |
A method used to determine the through-thickness shear strength of sheet material that involves blanking a disk out of flat strip using a simple punch-and-die method. Alson known as punching shear test. 一種用于確定板材全厚度剪切強度的方法，包括使用簡單的沖模方法從扁平帶材中沖裁出圓盤。也稱為沖切試驗。 |
| Liquation temperature | 液化溫度 |
The lowest temperature at which partial melting can occur in an alloy that exhibits the greatest possible degree of segregation. 偏析程度最高的合金發(fā)生部分熔融的最低溫度。 |
| Joule | 焦耳 |
The SI unit of energy. One joule is the work done by a force of one newton acting over a distance of one metre. The symbol is J, where 1 J = 1 N m. 國際單位制能量單位。一焦耳是一牛頓的力在一米的距離上所做的功。符號為J，其中1j=1m。 |
| Frequency | 頻率 |
(temporal frequency, f) (Unit Hz) The number of cycles per second in an oscillation or the repetition rate for a cyclic process. （時間頻率，f）（單位Hz）振蕩中每秒的周期數(shù)或循環(huán)過程的重復(fù)率。 |
| Centrifugal | 離心式 |
Acting or moving in a direction away from the axis of rotation of a rotating body. 沿遠離旋轉(zhuǎn)體的旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的方向作用或移動。 |
| Equation, short form | 方程式，簡寫形式 |
An empirical equation which relates the torque applied to the bolt to the preload created in it, and which depends mainly on an experimentally derived factor called the Nut factor. 一個經(jīng)驗公式，將施加在螺栓上的扭矩與螺栓中產(chǎn)生的預(yù)載荷聯(lián)系起來，主要取決于一個稱為螺母系數(shù)的實驗得出的系數(shù)。 |
| Tap wrench | 螺絲攻扳手 |
A lever with an adjustable square hole at its centre into which is fitted the shank of a tap so that torque can be applied to cut a thread. 一種杠桿，其中心有一個可調(diào)節(jié)的方孔，絲錐柄安裝在該孔中，以便施加扭矩以切斷螺紋。 |
| Concentrated solar power plant (CSP plant) | 聚光太陽能發(fā)電廠（CSP發(fā)電廠） |
A power plant in which solar radiation is concentrated using mirrors or lenses, typically using parabolic trough mirrors which focus solar radiation on to receiver tubes along the trough’s focal line. In an alternative arrangement molten salt, heated by solar receivers mounted on a tower, is circulated through a steam generator. 使用鏡子或透鏡集中太陽輻射的發(fā)電廠，通常使用拋物面槽鏡，將太陽輻射沿著槽的焦線聚焦到接收管上。在另一種布置中，由安裝在塔上的太陽能接收器加熱的熔鹽通過蒸汽發(fā)生器循環(huán)。 |
| Coefficient of restitution (e) | 回彈系數(shù)（e） |
The ratio of the relative velocity of two colliding bodies after collision to that before. In perfectly elastic collisions e = 1; when all the impact energy is dissipated, e = 0. 兩個碰撞體在碰撞后與碰撞前的相對速度之比。在完全彈性碰撞中e=1；當(dāng)所有的沖擊能量都消散時，e=0。 |
| Countersinking | 埋頭孔 |
The flaring out of the rim of a drilled hole to form a truncated conical depression to receive a screw having a conical head, thus giving a flush fitting. 從鉆孔的邊緣向外張開以形成截錐形凹陷，以容納具有錐形頭的螺釘，從而提供齊平的配件。 |
| Rpm (N) | 轉(zhuǎn)速（N） |
An abbreviation for revolutions per minute. It is a widely used non-SI unit for rotational speed. The corresponding angular velocity ω in rad/s is given by πN/30. Rps (revolutions per second) is also used, the angular velocity then being 2πN. 每分鐘轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)的縮寫。它是一種廣泛使用的轉(zhuǎn)速非SI單位。相應(yīng)的角速度ω，單位為rad/s，由πN/30給出。還使用Rps（每秒轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)），此時角速度為2πN。 |
| High strength low alloy steels | 高強度低合金鋼 |
(HSLA steels) Steels with various micro-alloying elements such as copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, and vanadium in small quantities that give improved strength (as high as 900 MPa) and corrosion properties compared with plain carbon steels. Improvements are due to grain refinement and precipitation hardening, better control of the chemistry during steel making, and accurate rolling temperatures. （HSLA鋼）是含有各種微合金元素的鋼，如少量的銅、鎳、鉻、鉬、鈮、鈦和釩，與普通碳鋼相比，具有更好的強度（高達900MPa）和腐蝕性能。這些改進歸功于晶粒細化和沉淀硬化、煉鋼過程中更好的化學(xué)控制以及精確的軋制溫度。 |
| Uniform elongation | 均勻伸長 |
The elongation at maximum load and immediately preceding the onset of necking in a tension test. 在拉伸試驗中，在最大載荷下和頸縮開始之前的伸長率。 |
| Hypoeutectic alloy | 亞共晶合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectic, any alloy whose composition has an excess of base metal compared with the eutectic composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectic structure. 在呈現(xiàn)共晶的合金系統(tǒng)中，其成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微觀結(jié)構(gòu)包含一些共晶結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Neutralization number | 中和值 |
An ASTM number given to quenching oils that reflects the oil’s tendency towards oxidation and sludging. 淬火油的ASTM編號，反映了油的氧化和成泥趨勢。 |
| Dynamic mechanical measurement | 動態(tài)機械測量 |
A technique in which either the modulus and/or damping of a substance under oscillatory load or displacement is measured as a function of temperature, frequency, or time, or a combination thereof. 一種技術(shù)，其中在振蕩載荷或位移下測量物質(zhì)的模量和/或阻尼作為溫度、頻率或時間或其組合的函數(shù)。 |
| Precision | 精確 |
The closeness of agreement between the results of individual replicated measurements or tests. The standard deviation of the error of measurement may be used as a measure of “imprecision.” 單個重復(fù)測量或測試結(jié)果之間的一致性。測量誤差的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差可用作“不精確性”的度量 |
| Preload relaxation | 預(yù)載松弛 |
Local yielding, due to excess bearing stress under nuts and bolt heads (caused by high local spots, rough surface finish, and lack of perfect squareness of bolt and nut bearing surfaces), may result in preload relaxation after preloads are first applied to a bolt. 由于螺母和螺栓頭下的軸承應(yīng)力過大（由局部斑點高、表面粗糙以及螺栓和螺母軸承表面缺乏完美的方正度造成），局部屈服可能會在首次向螺栓施加預(yù)載荷后導(dǎo)致預(yù)載荷松弛。 |
| Flexural strength | 抗彎強度 |
The maximum stress in the outer fiber at the moment of crack or break. 斷裂或斷裂時刻外層纖維的最大應(yīng)力。 |
| Gage length | 標(biāo)距 |
The original length of the portion of a specimen over which strain, change of length, or other characteristics are determined. 確定應(yīng)變、長度變化或其他特性的試樣部分的原始長度。 |
| Displacement | 移位 |
The distance that a chosen measurement point on a cracked specimen displaces normal to the crack plane as the crack grows. 隨著裂紋擴展，裂紋試樣上選定的測量點垂直于裂紋平面位移的距離。 |
| Altitude chamber | 高空艙 |
(hypobaric chamber) A chamber in which conditions at different altitudes are simulated by a combination of appropriate pressures, temperatures and relative humidity. （低壓艙）通過適當(dāng)?shù)膲毫?、溫度和相對濕度的組合來模擬不同高度條件的艙室。 |
| Constant-velocity universal joint | 等速萬向節(jié) |
(CV joint, homokinetic joint) A connexion that transmits constant angular velocity between two shafts that are neither necessarily in line nor whose axial position is necessarily fixed. （CV關(guān)節(jié)，勻速關(guān)節(jié)）在兩個軸之間傳遞恒定角速度的連接，這兩個軸既不必在一條直線上，也不必固定其軸向位置。 |
| Cycle annealing | 循環(huán)退火 |
An annealing process employing a predetermined and closely controlled time-temperature cycle to produce specific properties or microstructures. 采用預(yù)定且嚴(yán)格控制的時間-溫度循環(huán)來產(chǎn)生特定性能或微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的退火工藝。 |
| Eyebolt (eyescrew) | 吊環(huán)螺栓（眼螺絲） |
A bolt threaded at one end and bent to a loop at the other end. A bolt or screw with a closed loop in place of a head. 一端有螺紋，另一端彎曲成環(huán)的螺栓。帶有閉合環(huán)代替頭部的螺栓或螺釘。 |
| Maximum load (Pmax) | 最大負載（Pmax） |
(1) The load having the highest algebraic value in the load cycle. Tensile loads are considered positive and compressive loads negative. (2)Used to determine the strength of a structural member; the load that can be borne before failure is apparent. （1）負載循環(huán)中具有最高代數(shù)值的負載。拉伸荷載視為正荷載，壓縮荷載視為負荷載。（2）用于確定結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的強度；失效前可承受的載荷是明顯的。 |
| Thermodynamic process | 熱力學(xué)過程 |
A change in equilibrium state undergone by a quantity of matter or a system. 一定量的物質(zhì)或系統(tǒng)所經(jīng)歷的平衡狀態(tài)的變化。 |
| Finish annealing | 精制退火 |
A subcritical annealing treatment applied to cold-worked low- or medium-carbon steel. Finish annealing, which is a compromise treatment, lowers residual stresses, thereby minimizing the risk of distortion in machining while retaining most of the benefits to machinability contributed by cold working. Compare with final annealing. 適用于冷加工低碳鋼或中碳鋼的亞臨界退火處理。與最終退火相比，精加工退火是一種折衷處理，可降低殘余應(yīng)力，從而最大限度地降低加工中的變形風(fēng)險，同時保留冷加工對可加工性的大部分好處。 |
| Finishing washer | 光制墊圈 |
A washer designed for use with countersunk screws. Used to enhance appearance in some applications. 設(shè)計用于沉頭螺釘?shù)膲|圈。在某些應(yīng)用中用于增強外觀。 |
| Kinetic energy | 動能 |
Energy that an object possesses because it is in motion. It is the energy given to an object to set it in motion. On impact, it is converted into other forms of energy such as strain, heat, sound and light. 物體因運動而擁有的能量。它是賦予物體使其運動的能量。撞擊時，它被轉(zhuǎn)換成其他形式的能量，如應(yīng)變、熱、聲和光。 |
| Sampling | 抽樣 |
The process of measuring a series of values of a time-varying quantity. 測量一系列時變量值的過程。 |
| Available head (Unit m) | 可用水頭（單位米） |
In a hydroelectric power system, the difference between the vertical height of the water level in the supply reservoir above the turbine inlet less the head loss due to friction and fittings in the duct leading to the turbine. 在水力發(fā)電系統(tǒng)中，水輪機入口上方供水水庫中水位垂直高度之間的差減去由于通向渦輪機的管道中的摩擦和配件造成的水頭損失。 |
| Equation, long form | 方程，長格式 |
An equation which relates the torque applied to a bolt to the preload created in it, and involves fastener geometry and the coefficient of friction between mating surfaces. A theoretical equation based on rigid body mechanics and the assumption that the geometry of the fastener is perfectly described by blueprint dimensions. 將施加在螺栓上的扭矩與螺栓中產(chǎn)生的預(yù)載荷聯(lián)系起來的方程，該方程涉及緊固件幾何形狀和配合面之間的摩擦系數(shù)?；趧傮w力學(xué)和緊固件幾何結(jié)構(gòu)由藍圖尺寸完美描述的假設(shè)的理論方程。 |
| Coefficient of cubic expansion | 立方膨脹系數(shù) |
The fractional increase in volume per unit temperature rise. 每單位溫度升高的體積增加分?jǐn)?shù)。 |
| Expansion bolt | 膨脹螺栓 |
When a through bolt cannot be used for attaching a pipe hanger, bracket, or other part, to a wall or ceiling of brick or concrete, what are known as expansion bolts are often used. The body of an expansion bolt is divided and the arrangement is such that, when the head of the bolt is turned, the sections forming the body of the bolt are forced outward and against the wall of the hole which has been drilled into the brick, concrete, or stone, as the case may be. Bolts of this type are made in quite a variety of designs. The nominal size represents the diameter of the bolt proper and not the diameter of the casing or expansion member. 當(dāng)不能使用貫穿螺栓將管道吊架、支架或其他部件連接到磚塊或混凝土的墻壁或天花板時，通常使用所謂的膨脹螺栓。膨脹螺栓的主體是分開的，其布置方式是，當(dāng)螺栓頭轉(zhuǎn)動時，形成螺栓主體的部分被強制向外并靠在已鉆入磚、混凝土或石頭中的孔壁上，視情況而定。這種類型的螺栓有多種設(shè)計。標(biāo)稱尺寸代表螺栓本身的直徑，而不是套管或膨脹構(gòu)件的直徑。 |
| Induction tempering | 感應(yīng)回火 |
Tempering of steel using low-frequency electrical induction heating. 鋼的回火采用低頻電感應(yīng)加熱。 |
| Two-dimensional flow | 二維流 |
A fluid flow in which the velocity at any time depends upon two spatial coordinates, such as the radial and axial locations in developing pipe flow. 一種流體流動，其中任何時候的速度取決于兩個空間坐標(biāo)，如發(fā)展中的管道流中的徑向和軸向位置。 |
| Alpha iron | 阿爾法鐵 |
The body-centered cubic form of pure iron, stable below 910 °C (1670 °F). 純鐵的體心立方形式，在910°C(1670°F)以下穩(wěn)定。 |
| Shim | 墊片 |
A thin piece of material, such as metal of accurately-known thickness, placed between two surfaces to ensure they are the correct distance apart. A thin piece of material placed between two surfaces to obtain a proper fit, adjustment, or alignment. The piece can also be analyzed to measure furnace carbon potential (that is, because while in the furnace it will quickly carburize to a level equal to the furnace carbon potential). 一塊薄的材料，如厚度精確已知的金屬，放置在兩個表面之間，以確保它們之間的距離正確。放置在兩個表面之間以獲得適當(dāng)配合、調(diào)整或?qū)R的一塊薄材料。還可以對工件進行分析，以測量熔爐碳勢（也就是說，在熔爐中，工件將快速滲碳至與熔爐碳勢能相等的水平）。 |
| Permissible variation | 允許偏差 |
For testing machines, the maximum allowable error in the value of the quantity indicated. It is convenient to express permissible variation in terms of the percent error. 對于試驗機，所示數(shù)量值的最大允許誤差。用誤差百分比表示允許偏差是很方便的。 |
| Fatigue | 疲勞 |
The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating stresses having a maximum value less than the ultimate tensile strength of the material. Fatigue failure generally occurs at loads that, applied statically, would produce little perceptible effect. Fatigue fractures are progressive, beginning as minute cracks that grow under the action of the fluctuating stress. A term referring, in components and structures subjected to either random or cyclic periodically-varying loads, to a progressive reduction in strength leading to failure at stresses lower than those that cause failure under monotonic loading. Variable loads arise from outof-balance machinery and other vibration sources, wind gusts, etc., and a large proportion of service failures is caused by fatigue. Fatigue results from the initiation and slow propagation of cracks. In manufactured components, crack initiation usually occurs at a point of stress concentration. After a period, often of millions of stress cycles, the crack reaches a critical length at which the next peak load causes sudden brittle or ductile fracture. Fracture surfaces resulting from fatigue display characteristic striations or progression marks emanating from the crack initiation site during the slow crack growth period, with a different surface appearance for the final fracture. 在最大值小于材料極限抗拉強度的重復(fù)或波動應(yīng)力下導(dǎo)致斷裂的現(xiàn)象。疲勞失效通常發(fā)生在靜態(tài)施加的載荷下，不會產(chǎn)生明顯影響。疲勞斷裂是漸進性的，從在波動應(yīng)力作用下生長的微小裂紋開始。在承受隨機或周期性變化載荷的部件和結(jié)構(gòu)中，指強度逐漸降低，導(dǎo)致在低于單調(diào)載荷下導(dǎo)致失效的應(yīng)力下發(fā)生失效的術(shù)語?？勺冐撦d由失衡的機械和其他振動源、陣風(fēng)等引起，大部分故障是由疲勞引起的。疲勞是裂紋萌生和緩慢擴展的結(jié)果。在制造部件中，裂紋萌生通常發(fā)生在應(yīng)力集中點。在一段時間（通常是數(shù)百萬次應(yīng)力循環(huán)）后，裂紋達到臨界長度，此時下一個峰值載荷會導(dǎo)致突然脆性或韌性斷裂。疲勞產(chǎn)生的斷裂表面在緩慢裂紋擴展期間顯示出從裂紋萌生部位發(fā)出的特征條紋或進展標(biāo)記，最終斷裂的表面外觀不同。 |
| Yield point (Unit Pa) | 屈服點（單位Pa） |
The first stress in a material, usually less than the maximum attainable stress, at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress. Only certain metals—those which exhibit a localized, heterogeneous type of transition from elastic to plastic deformation—produce a yield point. If there is a decrease in stress after yielding, a distinction may be made between upper and lower yield points. The load at which a sudden drop in the flow curve occurs is called the upper yield point. The constant load shown on the flow curve is the lower yield point. (yield strength, yield stress, Rel, Rel) The stress at which the onset of permanent (plastic) deformation (yielding) occurs in a body under increasing loading. In some materials, a yield-point phenomenon occurs in which stress falls on initial yielding and plastic deformation continues without increase in stress as strain increases further. The yield criterion is the combination of normal and shear stresses which produces yielding under multiaxial loading. 材料中的第一應(yīng)力，通常小于可達到的最大應(yīng)力，在該應(yīng)力下應(yīng)變增加而應(yīng)力不增加。只有某些金屬——表現(xiàn)出從彈性變形到塑性變形的局部、非均勻類型的金屬——才會產(chǎn)生屈服點。如果屈服后應(yīng)力降低，可區(qū)分上屈服點和下屈服點。流量曲線突然下降時的荷載稱為上屈服點。流量曲線上顯示的恒定載荷為較低屈服點。（屈服強度，屈服應(yīng)力，Rel）在不斷增加的載荷下，物體發(fā)生永久（塑性）變形（屈服）時的應(yīng)力。在某些材料中，會出現(xiàn)屈服點現(xiàn)象，即應(yīng)力在初始屈服時下降，隨著應(yīng)變進一步增加，塑性變形繼續(xù)，而應(yīng)力沒有增加。屈服準(zhǔn)則是在多軸載荷下產(chǎn)生屈服的正應(yīng)力和剪應(yīng)力的組合。 |
| Strain | 拉緊 |
The unit of change in the size or shape of a body due to force. Also known as nominal strain. 物體的大小或形狀因力而變化的單位。也稱為標(biāo)稱應(yīng)變。 |
| constitutive equation | 本構(gòu)方程 |
(constitutive relation) 1. In solid mechanics or fluid mechanics, an algebraic or numerical relation for the dependency of stress on deformation, strain, strain rate, temperature, etc. in a material. In solid mechanics such a relation is sometimes called an equation of state. Simple linear examples include Hooke’s law and Newton’s viscosity law. 2. In heat transfer, a relation, such as Fourier’s law of heat conduction, connecting heat flux with temperature gradient. （本構(gòu)關(guān)系）1.在固體力學(xué)或流體力學(xué)中，應(yīng)力與材料的變形、應(yīng)變、應(yīng)變率、溫度等之間的代數(shù)或數(shù)值關(guān)系。在固體力學(xué)中，這種關(guān)系有時稱為狀態(tài)方程。簡單的線性例子包括胡克定律和牛頓粘度定律。2.在傳熱學(xué)中，將熱流與溫度梯度聯(lián)系起來的一種關(guān)系，如傅立葉熱傳導(dǎo)定律。 |
| Transfer ratio | 傳輸比 |
(transfer constant) A complex variable representing the ratio between the output of a transducer and the input causing that output. （傳遞常數(shù)）一個復(fù)變量，表示傳感器輸出與產(chǎn)生該輸出的輸入之間的比率。 |
| Process annealing | 中間退火 |
An imprecise term denoting various treatments used to improve workability. For the term to be meaningful, the condition of the material and the time-temperature cycle used must be stated. 一個不精確的術(shù)語，表示用于改善可加工性的各種處理方法。為了使術(shù)語有意義，必須說明材料的條件和使用的時間-溫度循環(huán)。 |
| Bright nitriding | 光亮氮化 |
Nitriding in a protective medium to prevent discoloration of the bright surface. 在保護介質(zhì)中氮化，以防止光亮表面變色。 |
| Structural frame | 結(jié)構(gòu)框架 |
The underlying load-bearing framework of beams, columns, bracing, etc., of steel, concrete, brick, stone, timber etc., required to support the static and dynamic forces a building or component is subjected to, including its weight and that of its contents. 由鋼、混凝土、磚、石、木材等制成的梁、柱、支撐等構(gòu)成的底層承重框架，用于支撐建筑物或構(gòu)件承受的靜態(tài)和動態(tài)力，包括其重量及其內(nèi)含物的重量。 |
| Equilibrium diagram | 平衡圖 |
A graphical representation of the temperature, pressure and composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system as they exist under conditions of complete equilibrium. In metal systems, pressure is usually considered constant. 在完全平衡條件下，合金系統(tǒng)中相場的溫度、壓力和成分極限的圖形表示。在金屬系統(tǒng)中，壓力通常被認(rèn)為是恒定的。 |
| Friction | 摩擦 |
The resistance that a body encounters when sliding over another body, or experiences when a viscous fluid flows over its surface. 一個物體在另一個物體上滑動時遇到的阻力，或者當(dāng)粘性流體流過其表面時所經(jīng)歷的阻力。 |
| Celsius temperature scale | 攝氏溫標(biāo) |
(centigrade temperature scale) A relative, non-SI, temperature scale now defined in terms of the Kelvin absolute temperature scale as °C = K ? 273.15, where °C is the symbol for degrees Celsius. The scale was previously called the centigrade scale, with two fixed points: the melting point of ice (the ice point) as 0°C, and the boiling point of water (the steam point) as 100°C. （攝氏度溫度標(biāo)度）現(xiàn)在以開爾文絕對溫度標(biāo)度定義的相對非國際溫度標(biāo)度為°C=K-273.15，其中°C是攝氏度的符號。該刻度以前稱為攝氏度刻度，有兩個固定點：冰的熔點（冰點）為0°C，水的沸點（蒸汽點）為100°C。 |
| Weld penetration | 焊接熔深 |
It is the depth below the surfaces, as revealed in microstructural sections of joined metals, which is melted during welding. 它是焊接過程中熔化的連接金屬的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)截面所顯示的表面以下的深度。 |
| Anode | 陽極 |
That electrode in a battery or corrosion cell which produces electrons. It is the electrode which is destroyed (corrodes). 電池或腐蝕電池中產(chǎn)生電子的電極。被破壞（腐蝕）的是電極。 |
| Thermodynamics laws | 熱力學(xué)定律 |
The zeroth, first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics. 熱力學(xué)第零、第一、第二和第三定律。 |
| Essential conditions | 必要條件 |
Each type of failure to which bolted joints are subject is set up by three or four conditions. The conditions vary, depending on the mode of failure, but never number more than four. Eliminating any one of the essential conditions for a particular type of failure can prevent that type of failure. 螺栓連接所遭受的每種類型的故障都由三個或四個條件確定。根據(jù)故障模式的不同，情況會有所不同，但數(shù)量不得超過四個。消除特定類型故障的任何一個基本條件都可以防止該類型故障。 |
| Tab washer (lock washer) | 止動墊圈（鎖緊墊圈） |
A washer with one or more protruding tabs which can be bent in such a way that a nut or bolt head is prevented from becoming loose. 一種墊圈，具有一個或多個突出凸耳，可彎曲以防止螺母或螺栓頭松動。 |
| Strength of bolt | 螺栓強度 |
An ambiguous term which can mean Ultimate strength or Proof load or Endurance limit or Yield strength. 一個模棱兩可的術(shù)語，可表示極限強度或驗證荷載或耐久極限或屈服強度。 |
| Granular fracture | 粒狀斷裂 |
A type of irregular surface produced when metal is broken that is characterized by a rough, grainlike appearance, rather than a smooth or fibrous one. It can be subclassified as transgranular or intergranular. 金屬破碎時產(chǎn)生的一種不規(guī)則表面，其特征是粗糙的顆粒狀外觀，而不是光滑或纖維狀的外觀。它可以細分為穿晶或晶間。 |
| Eutectic carbide | 共晶碳化物 |
Carbide formed during freezing as one of the mutually insoluble phases participating in the eutectic reaction of ferrous alloys. 在冷凍過程中形成的碳化物，是參與鐵合金共晶反應(yīng)的互不溶相之一。 |
| Offset modulus | 補償模量 |
The ratio of the offset yield stress to the extension at the offset point (plastics). 偏移屈服應(yīng)力與偏移點（塑料）處延伸的比率。 |
| Head height | 頭部高度 |
The head height shall be that overall distance measured parallel to the axis of the product from the top of the head to the bearing surface and shall include the thickness of the washer face. Raised grade and manufacturer’s identification are excluded from head height. 頭部高度應(yīng)為平行于產(chǎn)品軸線從封頭頂部到支承面測量的總距離，并應(yīng)包括墊圈表面的厚度。提升等級和制造商標(biāo)識不包括在頭部高度中。 |
| Fitted bolt | 裝配螺栓 |
A bolt with a plain unthreaded portion immediately beneath the head. 一種螺栓，其頭部正下方有一個普通的無螺紋部分。 |
| Eutectoid | 共析 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectoid point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectoid reaction. （1）一種等溫可逆反應(yīng)，其中固溶體在冷卻時轉(zhuǎn)化為兩種或兩種以上緊密混合的固體，形成的固體數(shù)量與系統(tǒng)中組分的數(shù)量相同。（2）具有平衡圖上共析點所示成分的合金。（3）由共析反應(yīng)形成的混合固體成分的合金結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Heat-capacity ratio (c*) | 熱容量比（c*） |
A non-dimensional parameter that arises in the analysis of heat exchangers, defined as the ratio cMIN/cMAX?where cMIN?is the heat-capacity rate c for the fluid with the smaller value of c and cMAX?the value for the fluid with the larger value of c. Different flow rates and specific-heat values give rise to different values for c. 熱交換器分析中出現(xiàn)的無量綱參數(shù)，定義為比率cMIN/cMAX其中cMIN是流體的熱容率c，c值較小，cMAX是流體的值具有較大的c值。不同的流速和比熱值產(chǎn)生不同的c值。 |
| Acceleration-error constant | 加速度誤差常數(shù) |
When the reference (demand) input to a control system is parabolic, the output signal will also be parabolic in steady state. The signal that is constant in this situation is the acceleration and thus for a parabolic input the steady-state error, referred to as the acceleration-error constant, is the error in the acceleration. 當(dāng)控制系統(tǒng)的參考（需求）輸入是拋物線時，輸出信號在穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下也將是拋物線。在這種情況下恒定的信號是加速度，因此對于拋物線輸入，稱為加速度誤差常數(shù)的穩(wěn)態(tài)誤差是加速度中的誤差。 |
| Creep fatigue | 蠕變疲勞 |
The effects of combined creep and fatigue at high homologous temperatures in metals, and in other materials such as polymers having time-dependent behaviour. 金屬和其他材料（例如具有時間相關(guān)行為的聚合物）在高同源溫度下的組合蠕變和疲勞的影響。 |
| Acceleration due to gravity | 重力加速度 |
(acceleration of free fall, gravitational acceleration, g) (Unit m/s2) The acceleration of a freely-falling body in a vacuum, with a mean value at sea level of approximately 9.81 m/s2. （自由落體加速度，重力加速度，g）（單位m/s2）自由落體在真空中的加速度，在海平面處的平均值約為9.81m/s2。 |
| Lead angle | 導(dǎo)角 |
The angle of the helix of a screw thread or worm thread. It is the measure of the inclination of a screw thread from a plane perpendicular to the axis of the screw. 螺紋或蝸桿螺紋的螺旋角。它是螺紋從垂直于螺釘軸線的平面的傾斜度的量度。 |
| Waste heat | 廢熱 |
1. Heat generated by internal-combustion engines, gas turbines, electrical generators, electrical equipment, and industrial processes that is not used directly but is expelled to the environment, often in hot flue or exhaust gases. 2. Heat generated from waste 1.內(nèi)燃機、燃氣輪機、發(fā)電機、電氣設(shè)備和工業(yè)過程產(chǎn)生的熱量，這些熱量不是直接使用的，而是通過熱煙氣或廢氣排放到環(huán)境中。2.廢物產(chǎn)生的熱量 |
| Radial marks | 徑向標(biāo)記 |
Lines on a fracture surface that radiate from the fracture origin and are visible to the unaided eye or at low magnification. Radial lines result from the intersection and connection of brittle fractures propagating at different levels. Also known as shear ledges. 斷裂表面上的線，從斷裂起點輻射，肉眼可見或在低放大率下可見。徑向線是在不同層面上傳播的脆性斷裂相交和連接的結(jié)果。也稱為剪切壁架。 |
| Critical load (Unit N) | 臨界負荷（單位N） |
1. The applied load that causes propagation of an existing crack of known length, and hence fracture of a component or structure. 2. The applied load that results in buckling of a column of given end fixity. 1.導(dǎo)致已知長度的現(xiàn)有裂紋擴展并因此導(dǎo)致部件或結(jié)構(gòu)斷裂的施加荷載。2.導(dǎo)致具有給定端部固定性的柱屈曲的施加荷載。 |
| Slip line | 滑移線 |
The trace of the slip plane on a viewing surface; the trace is usually observable only if the surface has been polished before deformation. The usual observation on metal crystals (under the light microscope) is of a cluster of slip lines known as a slip band. 滑動平面在觀察表面上的軌跡；只有在變形前對表面進行拋光，才能觀察到痕跡。通常對金屬晶體的觀察（在光學(xué)顯微鏡下）是一組稱為滑移帶的滑移線。 |
| Plastic deformation | 塑性變形 |
The permanent (inelastic) distortion of a material under applied stress that strains the material beyond its elastic limit. 材料在施加應(yīng)力下的永久（非彈性）變形，使材料應(yīng)變超過其彈性極限。 |
| Gas compressor | 氣體壓縮機 |
A machine which draws in a gas at low pressure and delivers it at high pressure, usually accompanied by a temperature increase. Compressor designs include axial, centrifugal, diaphragm, reciprocating, and rotary (including the blade compressor). 一種在低壓下吸入氣體并在高壓下輸送氣體的機器，通常伴隨著溫度升高。壓縮機設(shè)計包括軸流式、離心式、隔膜式、往復(fù)式和旋轉(zhuǎn)式（包括葉片式壓縮機）。 |
| Balance piston | 平衡活塞 |
(balance drum, dummy piston) A disc attached to the shaft of a turbine or compressor, to one side of which high or low pressure is applied to counteract the axial thrust produced by the pressure change across the machine. A form of thrust bearing. （平衡鼓，假活塞）連接在渦輪機或壓縮機軸上的圓盤，在其一側(cè)施加高壓或低壓，以抵消機器壓力變化產(chǎn)生的軸向推力。推力軸承的一種形式。 |
| Connecting rod | 連桿 |
(con rod) A link that transmits power from one system to another, often changing linear to rotary motion, as in the rod connecting the piston to the crankshaft in a reciprocating compressor or pump or to the crankshaft in an internal-combustion engine, as in the diagram. The big end (bottom end) is the larger end that connects to the bearing on one of the crankpins of the crankshaft. The little end (small end) is joined by a gudgeon pin to the piston. （連桿）將動力從一個系統(tǒng)傳遞到另一個系統(tǒng)的連桿，通常由線性運動變?yōu)樾D(zhuǎn)運動，如圖所示，連桿將活塞連接到往復(fù)式壓縮機或泵的曲軸或內(nèi)燃機的曲軸上。大端（底端）是連接到曲軸一個曲柄銷上軸承的大端。小端（小端）通過活塞銷連接到活塞上。 |
| Gear ratio | 傳動比 |
For two gears in contact, the ratio of the number of teeth on the driving gear to that on the driven gear. 對于接觸的兩個齒輪，主動齒輪上的齒數(shù)與從動齒輪上的齒數(shù)之比。 |
| Total heat (Unit kJ) | 總熱量（單位kJ） |
An alternative term for enthalpy. It is inappropriate as it suggests that it includes kinetic energy in the same way as total enthalpy, but it does not. Also, heat and enthalpy are quite different quantities, as their definitions show. 焓的另一個術(shù)語。這是不恰當(dāng)?shù)?，因為它表明，它包括動能的方式與總焓相同，但它實際上并不是的。此外，熱和焓是完全不同的量，正如它們的定義所示。 |
| Kilo (k) | 千（k） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 103; thus kilometre (km) is a unit of length equal to one thousand metres. 表示乘法器103的SI單位前綴；1千米是長度單位，等于1000米。 |
| Imperial system | 英制單位體系 |
The units of measurement developed in the UK. Formerly known as the fps system, which is an abbreviation for the ‘foot-pound-second system of units. 英國開發(fā)的計量單位。以前稱為fps系統(tǒng)，是“英尺-磅-秒（foot-pound-second）單位制”的縮寫。 |
| Verification | 檢驗 |
Checking or testing an instrument to ensure conformance with a specification. 檢查或測試儀器以確保符合規(guī)范。 |
| Intergranular cracking | 沿晶斷裂 |
Cracking or fracturing that occurs between the grains or crystals in a polycrystalline aggregate. Also called intercrystalline cracking. 多晶聚集體中的晶粒或晶體之間發(fā)生的開裂或斷裂。也稱為晶間斷裂。 |
| Pop rivet | 拉釘 |
A hollow rivet that enables a connexion to be made from one side only of an assembly. 一種空心鉚釘，使連接只能從組件的一側(cè)進行。 |
| Scratch hardness test | 劃痕硬度測試 |
A form of hardness test in which a sharp-pointed stylus or corner of a mineral specimen is traversed along a surface so as to determine the resistance of that surface to cutting or abrasion. 硬度測試的一種形式，用尖頭筆或礦物樣品的一角沿一個表面移動，以確定該表面的抗切割或耐磨性。 |
| Concentrated load | 集中負荷 |
A load on a component which is distributed over a very small area, idealized as the line load of a wedge or knife edge, and the point load of a cone. 分布在非常小的區(qū)域上的部件上的載荷，理想化為楔形或刀刃的線載荷和錐體的點載荷。 |
| Fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) | 疲勞裂紋擴展率（da/dN） |
The rate of crack extension caused by constant-amplitude fatigue loading, expressed in terms of crack extension per cycle of load application. 恒幅疲勞荷載引起的裂紋擴展速率，以每次荷載施加循環(huán)的裂紋擴展表示。 |
| Torsional angle (?) | 扭轉(zhuǎn)角（ψ） |
(Unit ° or rad) The angular deflexion between two locations on a straight bar subjected to a torque. （單位為°或rad）受扭矩作用的直桿上兩個位置之間的角偏轉(zhuǎn)。 |
| Magnetic test | 磁性測試 |
Method used to test heat extraction rates of various quenchants. The test works by utilizing the change in magnetic properties of metals at their Curie point–the temperature above which metals lose their magnetism. 用于測試各種淬火劑的熱提取率的方法。該測試通過利用金屬在居里點（即金屬失去磁性的溫度）的磁性變化來進行。 |
| Fin | 翼 |
A thin projecting rib. 一根細長的凸肋。 |
| Flame straightening | 火焰矯直 |
Correcting distortion in metal structures by localized heating with a gas flame. 通過使用氣體火焰進行局部加熱來糾正金屬結(jié)構(gòu)的變形。 |
| Scale effect | 規(guī)模效應(yīng) |
The change in behaviour with size of a material, component, or structure. For example, cube-square scaling where one element changes with volume and another with area, as in the range of a projectile or ship, droplet formation, and fracture mechanics. 性能隨材料、部件或結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸的變化。例如，立方體平方比例，其中一個元素隨體積變化，另一個元素因面積變化，如在射彈或飛船的射程、液滴形成和斷裂力學(xué)中。 |
| X-ray thickness gauge | X射線厚度計 |
A device comprising an X-ray source and a detector used to determine the thickness of material in sheet or plate form, including metals, paper, plastics, rubber, and ceramics. 一種由X射線源和探測器組成的裝置，用于測定片狀或平板狀材料的厚度，包括金屬、紙張、塑料、橡膠和陶瓷。 |
| Spring materials | 彈簧材料 |
Mainly metals including plain-carbon and corrosion-resisting steels, phosphor bronze, spring brass, beryllium copper and nickel alloys, all of which in their workhardened states permit large reversible elastic strains without permanent deformation. 主要是金屬，包括普通碳鋼和耐腐蝕鋼、磷青銅、彈簧黃銅、鈹銅和鎳合金，所有這些金屬在其加工硬化狀態(tài)下都允許大的可逆彈性應(yīng)變而不會產(chǎn)生永久變形。 |
| Engine emissions | 發(fā)動機排放 |
(exhaust emissions) The pollutants contained in the exhaust gases from an internal-combustion engine. （廢氣排放）內(nèi)燃機廢氣中所含的污染物。 |
| Air compressor | 空氣壓縮機 |
A turbomachine that draws in air and delivers it at higher pressure, temperature, and density. It can be of axial, fan, reciprocating, or rotary design. 一種渦輪機，它吸入空氣并以更高的壓力、溫度和密度輸送空氣。它可以是軸流式、風(fēng)扇式、往復(fù)式或旋轉(zhuǎn)式設(shè)計。 |
| Bioenergy | 生物能源 |
1. Energy derived from materials such as purpose-grown energy crops, including sugar cane, maize, wheat, and rice, as well as wood, straw, and animal waste, including sewage, manure, and animal litter. 2. A term sometimes used to cover biomass and biofuels together. 1.來自特定種植的能源作物（包括甘蔗、玉米、小麥和大米）以及木材、稻草和動物糞便（包括污水、糞便和動物垃圾）等材料的能源。2.有時用于同時涵蓋生物質(zhì)和生物燃料的術(shù)語。 |
| Zero-gravity | 零重力 |
The situation in which there is no force of gravity (i.e. weightlessness). 沒有重力的情況（即失重）。 |
| Peel strength (Unit N) | 剝離強度（單位：N） |
(peel test) The strength of an adhesive bond between two materials as measured by the force required in a given direction to peel apart adhered strips. This force depends on the dimensions and thickness of the adhered strips and their yield stress, together with the fracture toughness of the bond. （剝離試驗）兩種材料之間的粘合強度，通過給定方向上剝離粘合條所需的力來測量。該力取決于粘合條的尺寸和厚度及其屈服應(yīng)力，以及粘合劑的斷裂韌性。 |
| Flame annealing | 火焰退火 |
Annealing in which the heat is applied directly by a flame. 通過火焰直接加熱的退火。 |
| Fastener with waisted shank | 帶腰柄的緊固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds < d2. 柄徑ds |
| Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion | Mohr–Coulomb屈服準(zhǔn)則 |
A pressure-dependent yield criterion, according to which yielding occurs when the stress at a point in a material falls on the envelope created by the Mohr’s stress circles at yielding for various tests such as tension, shear, and compression that have different components of hydrostatic stress. 一種與壓力相關(guān)的屈服準(zhǔn)則，根據(jù)該準(zhǔn)則，當(dāng)材料中某一點的應(yīng)力落在屈服時的莫爾應(yīng)力圓所形成的包絡(luò)線上時，即發(fā)生屈服，用于各種試驗，如具有不同靜水應(yīng)力分量的拉伸、剪切和壓縮。 |
| Junker machine | 容克機 |
A test machine, first proposed by Gerhard Junker, for testing the vibration resistance of fasteners. 由Gerhard Junker首次提出的測試機，用于測試緊固件的抗振性。 |
| Allowable stress | 許用應(yīng)力 |
The maximum stress a designer can assume that the parts will stand. It is always less than the minimum strength of the material. For example, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code typically specifies an allowable stress that is one-quarter of the service temperature yield strength of the material. This introduces a four-to-one safety factor into the design process and is intended to compensate for uncertainties in estimates of strength, service loads, etc. 設(shè)計師可以假設(shè)零件能夠承受的最大應(yīng)力。它總是小于材料的最小強度。例如，ASME鍋爐和壓力容器規(guī)范通常指定允許應(yīng)力為材料使用溫度屈服強度的四分之一。這在設(shè)計過程中引入了四比一的安全系數(shù)，旨在補償強度、服務(wù)載荷等估計的不確定性。 |
| Thread milling | 螺紋銑削 |
Thread milling is a method of cutting screw threads with a milling cutter in a thread mill. Thread milling cutters are either single form or multiple form and are used in either conventional or planetary thread mills. 螺紋銑削是在螺紋銑刀中用銑刀切削螺紋的一種方法。螺紋銑刀為單形或多形，用于傳統(tǒng)或行星式螺紋銑刀。 |
| Sharp-notch strength | 銳缺口強度 |
The notch tensile strength measured using specimens with very small notch root radii (approaching the limit for machining capability); values of sharp-notch strength usually depend on notch root radius. 使用缺口根部半徑非常?。ń咏庸つ芰O限）的試樣測量的缺口抗拉強度；銳缺口強度值通常取決于缺口根部半徑。 |
| Base metal hardness | 母材硬度 |
Hardness closest to the surface (when traversing from core to outside diameter) just before an increase or decrease occurs, denoting, respectively, carburization or decarburization. 在發(fā)生增加或減少之前最接近表面的硬度（從芯部到外徑時），分別表示滲碳或脫碳。 |
| Ductile cast iron | 球墨鑄鐵 |
A cast iron that has been treated while molten with an element such as magnesium or cerium to induce the formation of free graphite as nodules or spherulites, which imparts a measurable degree of ductility to the cast metal. Also known as nodular cast iron, spherulitic graphite cast iron and SG iron. 一種鑄鐵，在熔融時用鎂或鈰等元素進行處理，以誘導(dǎo)游離石墨形成為球粒或球晶，從而賦予鑄造金屬可測量的延展性。又稱球墨鑄鐵、球晶石墨鑄鐵和SG鑄鐵。 |
| Embrittlement | 脆化 |
The loss of ductility or fracture toughness of materials, either during processing or in service. The severe loss of ductility or toughness or both, of a material, usually a metal or alloy. Many forms of embrittlement can lead to brittle fracture. Many forms can occur during thermal treatment or elevated-temperature service (thermally induced embrittlement). Some of these forms of embrittlement, which affect steels, include blue brittleness, 885 °F (475 °C) embrittlement, quench-age embrittlement, sigma-phase embrittlement, strain-age embrittlement, temper embrittlement, tempered martensite embrittlement, and thermal embrittlement. In addition, steels and other metals and alloys can be embrittled by environmental conditions (environmentally assisted embrittlement). The forms of environmental embrittlement include acid embrittlement, caustic embrittlement, corrosion embrittlement, creep-rupture embrittlement, hydrogen embrittlement, liquid metal embrittlement, neutron embrittlement, solder embrittlement, solid metal embrittlement, and stress-corrosion cracking. 材料在加工或使用過程中的延展性或斷裂韌性損失。通常是金屬或合金的延展性或韌性或兩者的嚴(yán)重損失。多種形式的脆化可導(dǎo)致脆性斷裂。在熱處理或高溫服務(wù)期間，可能會出現(xiàn)多種形式（熱致脆化）。影響鋼的一些脆化形式包括藍脆、885°F（475°C）脆化、淬火時效脆化、西格瑪相脆化、應(yīng)變時效脆化，回火脆化、回火馬氏體脆化和熱脆化。此外，鋼和其他金屬和合金可能因環(huán)境條件而脆化（環(huán)境輔助脆化）。環(huán)境脆化的形式包括酸脆化、堿脆化、腐蝕脆化、蠕變斷裂脆化、氫脆化、液態(tài)金屬脆化、中子脆化、焊料脆化、固態(tài)金屬脆化和應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂。 |
| Coarsening | 粗粒化 |
An increase in the grain size, usually, but not necessarily, by grain growth. 晶粒尺寸的增加，通常但不一定是晶粒變大。 |
| Radial-flow compressor | 離心式壓縮機 |
A compressor in which the working gas enters the machine axially and is compressed as it flows radially out through the impeller. 一種壓縮機，其中工作氣體軸向進入機器，并在通過葉輪徑向流出時被壓縮。 |
| Deposit gauge | 沉積量計 |
(deposition gauge) An instrument employed in air pollution studies for measuring the amount of pollutant deposited on a given area in a given time under given conditions. （沉降計）在空氣污染研究中使用的儀器，用于測量在給定條件下在給定時間內(nèi)沉積在給定區(qū)域上的污染物量。 |
| Brittle lacquer coating | 脆性漆涂層 |
A lacquer that, when painted on to an unloaded body, reveals the direction of maximum tension stresses from the pattern of cracking produced in the lacquer when the body is loaded. 一種漆，當(dāng)涂在未加載的車身上時，從車身加載時在漆中產(chǎn)生的裂紋圖案中顯示出最大拉應(yīng)力的方向。 |
| Density | 密度 |
The mass per unit volume of a solid material. (mass density, ρ) (Unit kg/m3) The mass per unit volume of a substance that satisfies the continuum assumption. The reciprocal of specific volume. 固體材料每單位體積的質(zhì)量。（質(zhì)量密度，ρ）（單位kg/m3）滿足連續(xù)統(tǒng)假設(shè)的物質(zhì)每單位體積的質(zhì)量。和比容相關(guān)聯(lián)。 |
| Carbon restoration | 碳修復(fù) |
Replacing the carbon lost in the surface layer from previous processing by carburizing this layer to substantially the original carbon level. Sometimes called recarburizing. 通過將該層滲碳到基本上原始的碳水平來替換先前處理中在表面層中損失的碳。有時稱為再碳化。 |
| Fracture strength | 斷裂強度 |
(fracture stress) (Unit Pa) The stress at which a material breaks. It is not absolute for a given material, as it depends on the laws of fracture mechanics and is size-dependent. （斷裂應(yīng)力）（單位Pa）材料斷裂時的應(yīng)力。對于給定的材料，它不是絕對的，因為它取決于斷裂力學(xué)定律，并且取決于尺寸。 |
| Guided bend | 導(dǎo)向彎曲 |
The bend obtained by use of a plunger to force the specimen into a die in order to produce the desired contour of the outside and inside surfaces of the specimen. 通過使用柱塞將試樣壓入模具中獲得的彎曲，以產(chǎn)生試樣外表面和內(nèi)表面所需的輪廓。 |
| ASME | ASME |
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 美國機械工程師學(xué)會。 |
| Thermoelectric junction | 熱電結(jié) |
A welded, soldered, or twisted connection between the ends of two wires of dissimilar metals, as in a thermocouple. 兩根不同金屬線的末端之間的焊接、錫焊或絞合連接，如熱電偶。 |
| Square | 正方 |
1. A regular quadrilateral, i.e. a polygon with four equal sides and four right angles. 2. An instrument to check angles of internal and external surfaces and flatness. 1.正四邊形，即具有四條等邊和四個直角的多邊形。2.一種檢查內(nèi)外表面角度和平面度的儀器。 |
| Gear motor | 齒輪馬達 |
Essentially a gear pump run in reverse, in which high-pressure fluid supplied to one side of the casing causes the gears to rotate. 本質(zhì)上是一個齒輪泵反向運行，其中供應(yīng)到外殼一側(cè)的高壓流體導(dǎo)致齒輪旋轉(zhuǎn)。 |
| Honing | 珩磨 |
Honing is a controlled, low-speed sizing and surface-finishing process in which stock is removed by the shearing action to the bonded abrasive grains of a honing stone, or stick. Finish polishing of surfaces and cutting edges in which very fine abrasive powders, such as rouge, are employed. Honing is usually applied to cylindrical surfaces and lapping to flat, but the usage is not consistent. 珩磨是一種受控的低速尺寸和表面精加工工藝，其中通過對珩磨石或棒的粘結(jié)磨粒的剪切作用去除原料。表面和切削刃的精拋光，其中使用了非常細的研磨粉，例如胭脂。珩磨通常用于圓柱面，研磨至平面，但用法并不一致。 |
| Piston pump | 活塞泵 |
A positive-displacement pump in the basic configuration of which a piston reciprocates in a cylinder. On the suction stroke, fluid is drawn into a chamber through the inlet valve, which is then open while the outlet valve is closed. On the delivery stroke the fluid is forced out of the chamber through the outlet valve, which then opens while the inlet valve is closed. Both axial and radial configurations are common. 活塞在氣缸中往復(fù)運動的一種容積泵。在吸入沖程，流體通過入口閥吸入腔室，然后在出口閥關(guān)閉時打開。在輸送沖程中，流體通過出口閥被迫流出腔室，然后出口閥打開，同時入口閥關(guān)閉。軸向和徑向配置都很常見。 |
| Coated abrasive | 涂附磨具 |
An abrasive tool consisting of a flexible backing material, such as a woven cloth, paper or vulcanized fibre, a bond material, such as a glue or synthetic resin, and grit. 一種研磨工具，由柔性背襯材料（例如編織布、紙或硫化纖維）、粘合材料（例如膠水或合成樹脂）和砂礫組成。 |
| Torsion bar | 扭桿 |
A metal bar designed to act as an elastic spring when torque is applied. 當(dāng)施加扭矩時用作彈性彈簧的金屬棒。 |
| Crest | 波峰 |
The highest point of a wave or of a screw thread. 波浪或螺紋的最高點。 |
| Ferritizing anneal | 鐵素體化退火 |
A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile (nodular) iron to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to be meaningful, the final microstructure desired or the time-temperature cycle used must be specified. 給予鑄態(tài)灰鐵或球墨鑄鐵以產(chǎn)生基本鐵素體基體的處理。為了使該術(shù)語有意義，必須指定所需的最終微觀結(jié)構(gòu)或使用的時間-溫度循環(huán)。 |
| Brayton cycle | 布雷頓循環(huán) |
(Joule cycle) An air standard cycle that is the ideal cycle for a gasturbine engine. As shown on the diagram of pressure (p) ?s specific volume (?), it consists of four internally reversible processes: isentropic compression in a compressor (1–2), isobaric heat addition in a combustor (2–3), isentropic expansion in a turbine (3–4) and isobaric heat rejection. The cycle can be extended to include regeneration, reheating, and intercooling. （焦耳循環(huán)）一種空氣標(biāo)準(zhǔn)循環(huán)，是燃氣輪機發(fā)動機的理想循環(huán)。循環(huán)可以擴展到包括再生、再熱和中冷。 |
| Furnace | 爐 |
1. A type of combustion chamber in which solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels are burned to supply hot gases to a boiler or other process plant. Examples include the firebox, boiler furnace (steam-generating furnace), hot-air furnace, oil-fired furnace, updraught furnace, and water-cooled furnace. 2. A chamber, sometimes having a controlled atmosphere or under vacuum (vacuum furnace), for heating and melting materials. Examples include the blast furnace, direct- and indirect-arc furnaces, the induction furnace (high-frequency furnace), muffle furnace, reverberatory furnace, and solar furnace. 1.一種燃燒室，其中燃燒固體、液體或氣體燃料以向鍋爐或其他工藝設(shè)備供應(yīng)熱氣。示例包括燃燒室、鍋爐爐（蒸汽發(fā)生爐）、熱風(fēng)爐、燃油爐、上升氣流爐和水冷爐。2.用于加熱和熔化材料的腔室，有時具有受控氣氛或真空（真空爐）。例如高爐、直接和間接電弧爐、感應(yīng)爐（高頻爐）、馬弗爐、反射爐和太陽能爐。 |
| Work ratio | 工作比 |
The ratio of the net work out to the actual work out for a thermodynamic cycle. 熱力學(xué)循環(huán)的凈功與實際功之比。 |
| Hot hardness | 熱硬度 |
?The hardness of materials at high temperatures, often used to rank the performance of cutting tools. 材料在高溫下的硬度，常用來對刀具的性能進行排名。 |
| Terminal temperature difference (Unit K) | 終端溫差（單位K） |
The temperature difference between the two fluid streams at either inlet or outlet of a heat exchanger. 熱交換器入口或出口處兩種流體流之間的溫差。 |
| Physical properties | 物理性質(zhì) |
Properties of a material the determination of which does not involve the deformation or destruction of the specimen—for example, density, electrical conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, magnetic permeability, and lattice parameter. Does not include chemical reactivity or the properties more appropriately regarded as mechanical properties. 不涉及試樣變形或破壞的材料特性，例如密度、電導(dǎo)率、熱膨脹系數(shù)、磁導(dǎo)率和晶格參數(shù)。不包括化學(xué)反應(yīng)性或更適當(dāng)?shù)匾暈闄C械的性質(zhì)。 |
| Circlip | 卡簧 |
(snap ring) An external or internal retaining ring that locates parts of circular cross section in an axial direction. It consists of an incomplete ring, with holes on either side of the gap, that may be expanded by a plier-like tool to pass into a groove in a shaft or contracted to pass into a groove in a bore. （卡環(huán)）在軸向定位圓形橫截面部分的外部或內(nèi)部保持環(huán)。它由一個不完整的環(huán)組成，在間隙的任一側(cè)都有孔，可以通過鉗形工具將其擴展以進入軸中的凹槽或收縮以進入孔中的凹槽。 |
| Meyer hardness (Unit Pa) | 邁耶硬度（單位Pa） |
A material hardness similar to the Brinell hardness but based upon the projected area of the impression rather than the surface area. 與布氏硬度相似的材料硬度，但基于印模的投影面積而不是表面面積。 |
| Dynamic coupling | 動態(tài)耦合 |
In vibrations, the existence of inertial terms depending on mass in the governing equations, so that there is only a force if there is a corresponding acceleration. 在振動中，慣性項的存在取決于控制方程中的質(zhì)量，因此只有當(dāng)有相應(yīng)的加速度時才有力。 |
| Extensometer | 引伸計 |
An instrument for measuring changes in length over a given gage length caused by application or removal of a force. Commonly used in tension testing of metal specimens. Any instrument which measures the change in length of a part as the part is loaded. 一種用于測量在給定標(biāo)距上由施加或移除力引起的長度變化，在零件加載時測量零件長度變化的儀器。常用于金屬試樣的拉力試驗。 |
| Working stress (Unit Pa) | 工作應(yīng)力（單位Pa） |
The stress under which a component or structure is designed to operate under normal conditions. 部件或結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計為在正常條件下運行的應(yīng)力。 |
| Columnar structure | 柱狀結(jié)構(gòu) |
A coarse structure of parallel elongated grains formed by unidirectional growth, most often observed in castings, but sometimes in structures resulting from diffusional growth accompanied by a solid-state transformation. 由單向生長形成的平行細長晶粒的粗略結(jié)構(gòu)，最常見于鑄件中，但有時也出現(xiàn)在伴隨固態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變的擴散生長產(chǎn)生的結(jié)構(gòu)中。 |
| Computer numerical control (CNC) | 計算機數(shù)控（CNC） |
A term relating to machine tools in which the movements of a tool and/or the workpiece are controlled by computer. 與機床相關(guān)的術(shù)語，其中工具和/或工件的運動由計算機控制。 |
| Barrier protection | 屏障保護 |
The coating on a fastener is said to provide barrier protection if it merely isolates the fastener from the environment. Paint, for example, provides barrier protection. 如果僅將緊固件與環(huán)境隔離，則據(jù)說緊固件上的涂層可提供屏障保護。例如，油漆提供屏障保護。 |
| Macrodeviation | 宏觀偏差 |
Errors from–irregular surface departures from the design profile, often caused by lack of accuracy or stiffness of the machine system. 不規(guī)則表面偏離設(shè)計輪廓的誤差，通常是由于機器系統(tǒng)缺乏準(zhǔn)確性或剛度造成的。 |
| Hot shortness | 熱脆性 |
The reduction of ductility in steels at high temperatures caused by melting of sulfides that wet grain boundaries and spread along them. 高溫下鋼的延展性降低，這是由于硫化物的熔化潤濕晶界并沿晶界擴散而引起的。 |
| Resistance factor | 阻力系數(shù) |
Probabilistic factor representing the uncertainties in the designer’s estimate of the strength of a shear joint. Used in Load and resistance factor design. 概率系數(shù)，表示設(shè)計人員對剪切接頭強度估計的不確定性。用于載荷和阻力系數(shù)設(shè)計。 |
| O-ring (O-ring seal) | O形圈（O形密封圈） |
A toroidal ring of synthetic rubber seated in a groove machined into a flat or cylindrical surface to act as a seal. 一種環(huán)形合成橡膠環(huán)，位于加工成平面或圓柱表面的凹槽中，起密封作用。 |
| Maximum allowable operating pressure (Unit Pa) | 最大允許使用壓力（單位Pa） |
The highest pressure at which any pressure system may be operated, usually 10 to 20% below the maximum allowable working pressure. 任何壓力系統(tǒng)可運行的最高壓力，通常比最大允許工作壓力低10%至20%。 |
| Effective crack size (ae) | 有效裂紋尺寸（ae） |
The physical crack size augmented for the effects of cracking plastic deformation. Sometimes the effective crack size is calculated from a measured value of a physical crack size plus a calculated value of a plastic-zone adjustment. A preferred method for calculation of effective crack size compares compliance from the secant of a load-deflection trace with the elastic compliance from a calibration for the type of specimen. 由于裂紋塑性變形的影響，物理裂紋尺寸增大。有時，根據(jù)物理裂紋尺寸的測量值加上塑性區(qū)調(diào)整的計算值來計算有效裂紋尺寸。計算有效裂紋尺寸的首選方法是將載荷-撓度軌跡正割的柔度與試樣類型校準(zhǔn)的彈性柔度進行比較。 |
| Vacuum carburizing | 真空滲碳 |
A high-temperature gas carburizing process using furnace pressures between 7 and 55 kPa during the carburizing portion of the cycle. 在循環(huán)的滲碳部分期間使用7至55kPa之間的爐壓的高溫氣體滲碳工藝。 |
| Bypass flow meter | 旁通流量計 |
(shunt flow meter) A flow meter installed in a pipework bypass which may itself be part of the flow meter. An orifice plate is used to ensure a fraction of the main flow passes through the bypass. （分流流量計）安裝在管道旁路中的流量計，它本身可能是流量計的一部分?？装逵糜诖_保一部分主流通過旁路。 |
| Turbine | 渦輪 |
A turbomachine in which a rotor (turbine wheel) or impeller is caused to rotate and convert flow energy into shaft power or thrust. 轉(zhuǎn)子（渦輪）或葉輪旋轉(zhuǎn)并將流動能量轉(zhuǎn)換為軸功率或推力的渦輪機。 |
| Outside diameter (Unit m) | 外徑（單位：m） |
(external diameter, OD) The diameter of a circular cylindrical tube or a sphere measured between opposite points on the external surface. （外徑，OD）在外表面上的相對點之間測量的圓柱管或球體的直徑。 |
| Reverse engineering | 逆向工程 |
The disassembly of a machine, mechanism, system or device, measurement of its component parts, and identification of the materials used so that if required, a functioning replica can be produced. 拆卸機器、機構(gòu)、系統(tǒng)或裝置，測量其組成部分，并識別所用材料，以便在需要時可以生產(chǎn)出功能正常的復(fù)制品。 |
| Screw jack | 螺旋千斤頂 |
A lifting device (jack) consisting of a nut and square-threaded shaft at the top of which is a load-bearing pad. Rotation of the nut raises or lowers the pad. 一種起重裝置（千斤頂），由螺母和方形螺紋軸組成，其頂部為承重墊。螺母的旋轉(zhuǎn)可升高或降低襯墊。 |
| Fatigue strength | 疲勞強度 |
The stress to which a metal can be subjected for a specified number of cyclic changes of stress. The maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without failure. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. 金屬在指定數(shù)量的應(yīng)力循環(huán)變化下可以承受的應(yīng)力?？梢栽谥付ǖ难h(huán)次數(shù)內(nèi)持續(xù)而不失效的最大應(yīng)力。還應(yīng)說明最大應(yīng)力值和應(yīng)力比。 |
| Maraging steels | 馬氏體時效鋼 |
Very high-strength iron alloys named after ‘martensitic’ and ‘a(chǎn)ging’. They contain nickel, chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum, and form martensite on air cooling with a strength of about 1 GPa. When reheated to about 500°C and aged for some hours, a room-temperature strength of some 2.4 GPa is reached. 以“馬氏體”和“時效”命名的超高強度鐵合金。它們含有鎳、鉻、鈷和鉬，在空氣冷卻下形成強度約為1GPa的馬氏體。當(dāng)再加熱至約500°C并老化數(shù)小時時，室溫強度達到約2.4GPa。 |
| Flat head | 平頭 |
Flat top surface and a conical bearing surface. 平頂表面和錐形軸承表面。 |
| Differential heating | 差動加熱 |
Heating that intentionally produces a temperature gradient within an object such that, after cooling, a desired stress distribution or variation in properties is present within the object. 加熱有意在物體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生溫度梯度，從而在冷卻后，在物體內(nèi)出現(xiàn)所需的應(yīng)力分布或特性變化。 |
| Vehicle | 車輛 |
A means of conveyance for transporting goods and people, generally with wheels powered by a petrol, diesel, or steam engine, or by an electric motor, or by a hybrid combination of an electric motor and a diesel or petrol engine. 一種運輸貨物和人員的交通工具，通常由汽油機、柴油機或蒸汽機、電動機或電動機與柴油機或汽油機的混合動力驅(qū)動。 |
| Thread rolling | 滾絲 |
Thread rolling (also known as roll threading) is a cold forming process for producing threads or other helical or annular forms by rolling the impression of hardened steel dies into the surface of a cylindrical or conical blank. Polygonal blanks are also thread rolled for the purpose of fabricating thread-forming and self-locking screws. The preferred polygonal shape is trilobular and is produced in flat die machines. 螺紋滾壓（也稱為滾壓螺紋）是一種冷成型工藝，通過將硬化鋼模具的壓痕滾壓到圓柱形或錐形坯料的表面來生產(chǎn)螺紋或其他螺旋或環(huán)形形狀。多邊形坯料也進行螺紋軋制，以制造螺紋成型和自鎖螺釘。優(yōu)選的多邊形形狀為三棱形，并在平模機中生產(chǎn)。 |
| Electrolyte | 電解質(zhì) |
The liquid with which the Electrodes of a battery or Corrosion cell are wetted. 潤濕電池或腐蝕電池電極的液體。 |
| Clearance | 間距 |
(Unit m or μm) 1. The distance (if any) between mating components in an assembly. 2. The distance between two moving parts, or a moving part and stationary part, in a machine (e.g. the gap between a piston and a cylinder head). 3. With threads, the major clearance is the distance between the design form at the root of an internal thread and the crest of its mating external thread; the minor clearance is the corresponding dimension between the crest of an internal thread and the root of the external thread. （單位m或μm）1.裝配體中配合組件之間的距離（如果有）。2.機器中兩個運動部件之間的距離，或運動部件和靜止部件之間的距離（例如活塞和氣缸蓋之間的間隙）。3.帶螺紋時，主要間隙是內(nèi)螺紋根部的設(shè)計形狀與其配合的外螺紋牙頂之間的距離；小間隙是內(nèi)螺紋牙頂和外螺紋牙根之間的對應(yīng)尺寸。 |
| Induction heating | 感應(yīng)加熱 |
Heating by combined electrical resistance and hysteresis losses induced by subjecting a metal to the varying magnetic field surrounding a coil carrying alternating current. 通過將金屬置于承載交流電的線圈周圍的變化磁場中而引起的電阻和磁滯損耗的組合加熱。 |
| Heat-capacity rate (c) (Unit W/K) | 熱容率（c）（單位W/K） |
For fluid flow in a duct with mass flow rate ?, the product ?C where C is the specific-heat capacity, at constant pressure (CP) in the case of a gas. 對于質(zhì)量流量為?的管道中的流體流動，乘積?C其中C是比熱容，在氣體的情況下為恒定壓力（CP）。 |
| Yielding | 屈服 |
Evidence of plastic deformation in structural materials. Also known as plastic flow or creep. 結(jié)構(gòu)材料塑性變形的證據(jù)。也稱為塑性流動或蠕變。 |
| Tensile test (tension test) | 拉伸試驗（拉力試驗） |
A test in which a precisely-machined tensile specimen (tensile testpiece), typically circular or rectangular in cross section with large end sections that are gripped in the testing machine, is subjected to an increasing tensile load, usually to the point of fracture, to produce a stress–strain curve from which such material properties as modulus of elasticity, limit of proportionality, proof stress, yield point, and ultimate tensile stress can be determined. The relevant standard is ISO 6892-1. 一種試驗，在這種試驗中，精密加工的拉伸試樣（拉伸試件）的橫截面通常為圓形或矩形，具有在試驗機中夾緊的大端部，受到越來越大的拉伸載荷，通常達到斷裂點，以產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線，從中可以看出彈性模量、比例極限等材料特性，可以確定驗證應(yīng)力、屈服點和極限拉伸應(yīng)力。相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為ISO 6892-1。 |
| Microhardness | 顯微硬度 |
The hardness of a material as determined by forcing an indenter such as a Vickers or Knoop indenter into the surface of a material under very light load; usually, the indentations are so small that they must be measured with a microscope. Capable of determining hardnesses of different microconstituents within a structure, or of measuring steep hardness gradients such as those encountered in case hardening. 通過在非常輕的載荷下將壓頭（如維氏或努氏壓頭）壓入材料表面來確定的材料硬度；通常壓痕很小，必須用顯微鏡測量。能夠確定結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)不同微組分的硬度，或測量陡峭的硬度梯度，如表面硬化中遇到的硬度梯度。 |
| Lockbolt | 鎖緊螺栓 |
A fastener which bears a superficial resemblance to a bolt, but which engages a collar (instead of a nut) with annular grooves (instead of threads). The collar is swaged over the grooves on the male fastener to develop preload. 表面上類似于螺栓的緊固件，但與環(huán)槽（而不是螺紋）接合的軸環(huán)（而不是螺母）。套環(huán)在陽緊固件上的凹槽上鍛造，以產(chǎn)生預(yù)緊力。 |
| Oxidized surface (on steel) | 氧化表面（在鋼上） |
Surface having a thin, tightly adhering, oxidized skin (from straw to blue in color), extending in from the edge of a coil or sheet. Sometimes called annealing border. 表面具有薄的、緊密粘附的氧化皮（從稻草色到藍色），從線圈或薄片的邊緣延伸。有時稱為退火邊界。 |
| Mechanical energy (Unit J) | 機械能（單位J） |
The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy for an object or a mechanical system, including the energy stored in springs, etc. 物體或機械系統(tǒng)的動能和勢能之和，包括儲存在彈簧等中的能量。 |
| Fog quenching | 霧淬 |
Quenching in a fine vapor or mist. 在細蒸汽或薄霧中淬火。 |
| Oxidizing flame | 氧化焰 |
A gas flame produced with excess oxygen in the inner flame. 在內(nèi)部火焰中過量氧氣產(chǎn)生的氣體火焰。 |
| Energy losses (Unit kJ) | 能量損失（單位kJ） |
A commonly-used misnomer in view of the conservation-ofenergy principle, but used to mean energy converted into forms that are not used in a process, for example thermal energy from a heat engine dissipated to the surroundings, or produced by friction in a machine, or by surface drag. 從能量守恒原理來看，這是一個常用的術(shù)語錯誤，但可以用于表示轉(zhuǎn)換為過程中未使用的形式的能量，例如，從熱機散發(fā)到周圍環(huán)境的熱能，或由機器中的摩擦或表面阻力產(chǎn)生的熱能。 |
| Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels | 沉淀硬化不銹鋼 |
Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels contain typically 11–18% chromium, 3–10% nickel, 0.05–0.2% carbon, and small additions of manganese, silicon, aluminium, molybdenum, niobium and titanium. These steels can be supplied in a solution-treated condition, which is readily fabricated or machined, and then hardened by an ageing treatment that produces a fine dispersion of second-phase precipitates. They are available in austenitic, semi-austenitic, and martensitic grades. Uses include springs, knives, and pressure vessels. 沉淀硬化不銹鋼通常含有11-18%的鉻、3-10%的鎳、0.05-0.2%的碳以及少量添加的錳、硅、鋁、鉬、鈮和鈦。這些鋼可在固溶處理條件下供應(yīng)，該條件易于制造或機加工，然后通過時效處理硬化，從而產(chǎn)生細小的第二相沉淀。它們有奧氏體、半奧氏體和馬氏體等級。用途包括彈簧、刀具和壓力容器。 |
| Computer-aided manufacturing | 計算機輔助制造 |
(CAM, computer-integrated manufacturing, CIM) The use of computers in all branches of manufacturing, not only to control machines and robots for manufacturing and assembly, but also for process planning, and monitoring progress of materials and components during production, etc. （CAM，計算機集成制造，CIM）在制造的所有分支中使用計算機，不僅可以控制制造和組裝的機器和機器人，還可以進行工藝規(guī)劃，以及在生產(chǎn)過程中監(jiān)控材料和組件的進度等。 |
| Tribology | 摩擦學(xué) |
The science and technology concerned with interacting surfaces in relative motion. 與相對運動中相互作用的表面有關(guān)的科學(xué)和技術(shù)。 |
| Vector | 矢量 |
Any physical quantity, such as velocity, acceleration, force, or momentum, that is specified in terms of both its magnitude and its direction. The convention of printing vector quantities in boldface was introduced by the physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs. 任何物理量，如速度、加速度、力或動量，以其大小和方向來表示。用黑體印刷矢量量的慣例是由物理學(xué)家約西亞·威拉德·吉布斯提出的。 |
| Pump | 泵 |
A machine designed to cause a liquid, gas, vapour, or slurry to flow due to the reciprocating motion of pistons, rotation of vanes, or rotation of an impeller. 通過活塞的往復(fù)運動、葉片的旋轉(zhuǎn)或葉輪的旋轉(zhuǎn)而使液體、氣體、蒸汽或泥漿流動的機器。 |
| Overheating | 過熱 |
Heating a metal or alloy to such a high temperature that its properties are impaired. When the original properties cannot be restored by further heat treating, by mechanical working, or by a combination of working and heat treating, the overheating is known as burning. 將金屬或合金加熱至其性能受損的高溫。當(dāng)通過進一步熱處理、機械加工或加工與熱處理的組合無法恢復(fù)原始性能時，過熱稱為燃燒。 |
| Working pressure (Unit Pa) | 工作壓力（單位Pa） |
The pressure at which a pressure vessel, such as a boiler, is designed to operate under normal conditions. 壓力容器（如鍋爐）設(shè)計用于在正常條件下運行的壓力。 |
| Dimension line | 尺寸線 |
A line on an engineering drawing with a numeral above it that shows the length of a feature, usually in millimetres. 工程圖上的一條線，上面有一個數(shù)字，表示特征的長度，通常以毫米為單位。 |
| Martempering | 淬火 |
(1) A hardening procedure in which an austenitized ferrous workpiece is quenched into an appropriate medium whose temperature is maintained substantially at the Ms?of the workpiece, held in the medium until its temperature is uniform throughout–but not long enough to permit bainite to form–and then cooled in air. The treatment is frequently followed by tempering. (2) When the process is applied to carburized material, the controlling Ms?temperature is that of the case. This variation of the process is frequently called marquenching. （1）一種淬火工藝，將奧氏體化鐵質(zhì)工件淬火到適當(dāng)?shù)慕橘|(zhì)中，該介質(zhì)的溫度基本保持在工件的Ms，保持在該介質(zhì)中直到其溫度在整個過程中均勻，但不足以形成貝氏體，然后在空氣中冷卻。處理后經(jīng)常進行回火。（2） 當(dāng)該工藝應(yīng)用于滲碳材料時，控制Ms溫度與實際情況相同。這個過程的變化經(jīng)常被稱為淬火。 |
| Heat (q, Q) (Unit J) | 熱量（q, Q）（單位J） |
A form of energy that is transferred across the boundary of a system at one temperature to another system (or the surroundings) at a different temperature by virtue of the temperature difference between them. Heat can be identified only as it crosses the boundary. A body can never be said to contain heat which is thus a transient phenomenon. 一種能量形式，由于它們之間的溫差在一個溫度下通過系統(tǒng)邊界傳遞到另一個溫度不同的系統(tǒng)（或環(huán)境）。只有當(dāng)熱量穿過邊界時才能識別。一個物體不能說永遠含有熱量，這是一種瞬態(tài)現(xiàn)象。 |
| Absolute temperature (Unit K) | 絕對溫度（單位K） |
A temperature T measured relative to absolute zero, 0 K or ?273.15°C, the lowest temperature achievable at which molecular motion vanishes so that a body would have zero heat energy. The kelvin is equal in magnitude to the degree Celsius (°C). The kelvin temperature scale (kelvin absolute temperature scale) is an absolute or thermodynamic temperature scale derived from the Celsius scale: T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15. The Rankine absolute scale is derived from the Fahrenheit scale such that T(R) = T(°F) + 459.67, i.e. a scale relative to 0 R or ?459.67°F where R is the Rankine degree symbol and °F is the Fahrenheit symbol. 相對于絕對零、0K或0K測量的溫度T?273.15°C，分子運動消失的最低溫度，因此物體的熱能為零。開爾文的大小等于攝氏度（℃）。開爾文溫度標(biāo)度（開爾文絕對溫度標(biāo)度）是從攝氏標(biāo)度得出的絕對或熱力學(xué)溫度標(biāo)度：T（K）=T（°C）+273.15。蘭金絕對標(biāo)度是從華氏標(biāo)度得出，使得T（R）=T（°F）+459.67，即相對于0R或0R的標(biāo)度?459.67°F，其中R是朗肯度符號，°F是華氏度符號。 |
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